Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the most prevalent cancers, with a high mortality rate worldwide, seriously impairs patient health. The lack of accurate targets impedes the early screening and diagnosis of HCC and is associated with a poor response to routine therapies. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), comprising exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies, are lipid bilayer membrane-derived nanometer-sized vesicles. EVs can be secreted from various cancer cells and release diverse biomolecules, such as DNA, RNA, proteins, metabolites, and lipids, making them a potential source of biomarkers and regulators of the tumor microenvironment. Emerging evidence suggests that EVs are involved in intercellular communication by carrying biological information. These EVs elicit physiological functions and are involved in the oncogenesis of HCC, such as proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and chemoresistance of HCC. EVs have also been considered promising biomarkers and nanotherapeutic targets for HCC. Therefore, this review sheds light on the current understanding of the interactions between EVs and HCC to propose potential biomarkers and nanotherapeutic strategies.
High salinity is an effective measure to preserve kelp, but salted kelp can still deteriorate after long-term preservation. In order to clarify the key conditions and microbial behavior of salted kelp preservation, 10% (S10), 20% (S20), and 30% (S30) salt concentrations were evaluated at 25 °C (T25) and 4 °C (T4). After 30 days storage, these salted kelps showed different states including rot (T25S10), softening (T25S20), and undamaged (other samples). By detecting polysaccharide lyase activity and performing high-throughput sequencing of the prokaryotic 16S rRNA sequence and metagenome, we found that deteriorated kelps (T25S10 and T25S20) had significantly higher alginate lyase activity and bacterial relative abundance than other undamaged samples. Dyella, Saccharophagus, Halomonas, Aromatoleum, Ulvibacter, Rhodopirellula, and Microbulbifer were annotated with genes encoding endonuclease-type alginate lyases, while Bacillus and Thiobacillus were annotated as the exonuclease type. Additionally, no alginate lyase activity was detected in undamaged kelps, whose dominant microorganisms were halophilic archaea without alginate lyase-encoding genes. These results indicated that room-temperature storage may promote salted kelp deterioration due to the secretion of bacterial alginate lyase, while ultra-high-salinity and low-temperature storage can inhibit bacterial alginate lyase and promote the growth of halophilic archaea without alginate lyase, thus achieving the preservation of salted kelp.
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