Superhero films have become incredibly popular. The objective of this study was to determine the positive and negative themes found in a select number of superhero films. A total of 30 superhero films were analyzed. The average numbers of positive and negative themes were 19.4 and 29.5 mean events per hour for all included films, respectively. The most common positive themes were "assisting others/protecting the public," "positive relationships with family/friends," and "teamwork/collaboration." The most common negative themes were "acts of violence/fighting," "use of guns/knives/lethal weapons," and "bullying/intimidation/torture." Based on the superhero films included in our study, the number of negative themes, especially acts of violence, outweighs positive themes. Although an exposure to positive themes found in superhero films may be beneficial to the development of children, pediatric health care providers should counsel children and their families in an attempt to limit their exposure to violence.
Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) are important signaling compounds released by plants upon wounding. These compounds have been shown to mediate tritrophic interactions in recruiting insect predators and parasitoids. Recent work has begun to show that avian species, which were once thought to have a very limited sense of smell, can cue in on these HIPVs to find insect prey. Here, we test the ability for two general HIPVs, methyl jasmonate and methyl salicylate, to recruit avian predators. We test the recruitment efficacies of these HIPVs across four different host plant species, black walnut (Juglans nigra), red maple (Acer rubum), cattail (Typha latifolia), and wheat (Triticum aestivum), and use clay caterpillars to quantify predation by insectivorous birds. We found no significant differences in predation between treatment groups across any of our host plants. However, there was a nearly significant effect of methyl salicylate in black-walnut trees. Interestingly, our results did show a significant effect of host plant species on predation levels. The two tree species, particularly black walnut, had higher levels of predation than the herbaceous species. We discuss the implications of these results and suggest a number of ideas and suggestions for future studies investigating the role of HIPVs in attracting insectivorous birds.RESUMEN. Los compuestos volátiles de plantas inducidos por herbívoros (HIPV, por sus siglas en inglés) son importantes compuestos de señalización liberados por las plantas al sufrir un daño. Se ha demostrado que estos compuestos median interacciones tritróficas en el reclutamiento de insectos depredadores y parasitoides. Trabajos recientes han comenzado a mostrar que las especies de aves, que alguna vez se pensó que tenían un sentido del olfato muy limitado, pueden aprovechar estos HIPV para encontrar sus presas, insectos. Aquí, probamos la capacidad de dos HIPV comunes, jasmonato de metilo y salicilato de metilo, para reclutar aves depredadoras. Probamos las eficacias de reclutamiento de estos HIPV en cuatro especies diferentes de plantas hospederas, nogal negro (Juglans nigra), arce rojo (Acer rubum), totora (Typha latifolia) y trigo (Triticum aestivum), y usamos orugas de arcilla para cuantificar la depredación por aves insectívoras. No encontramos diferencias significativas en la depredación entre los grupos de tratamiento en ninguna de nuestras plantas hospederas. Sin embargo, hubo un efecto casi significativo del salicilato de metilo en los nogales negros. Curiosamente, nuestros resultados mostraron un efecto significativo de las especies de plantas hospederas sobre los niveles de depredación. Las dos especies de árboles, particularmente el nogal negro, tuvieron niveles más altos de depredación que las especies herbáceas. Discutimos las implicaciones de estos resultados y sugerimos una serie de ideas y sugerencias para futuros estudios que investiguen el papel de los HIPV en la atracción de aves insectívoras.
In the face of climate change, women's preconceived vulnerability and virtuousness often deflect focus from gender inequality in decision-making and leadership. Within environmental, political, and social crises, women are capable and proficient leaders who are pivotal to climate change action and are already inspiring social change in innovative ways. This article presents examples of women-led environment movements in the Asia-Pacific that challenge the patriarchal notions that women must be rescued rather than actively participate in their salvation. Historically, strategies have been centered on eco-conscious activism and organized protests. As climate change effects become more evident, engagement has transformed into emergency response and preparedness, with women's groups shepherding and leveraging through healthcare settings and grassroots and community networks. The way forward is to urge meaningful policy actions to support women as effective planetary stewards and campaigners against environmental challenges. This will be achieved through funding mechanisms, gender-inclusive representation mentorships, and pathways that transcend political boundaries.
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