During surveys conducted in South America and Africa to identify natural fungal enemies of coffee leaf rust (CLR), Hemileia vastatrix, over 1500 strains were isolated, either as endophytes from healthy tissues of Coffea species or as mycoparasites growing on rust pustules. Based on morphological data, eight isolates—three isolated from wild or semiwild coffee and five from Hemileia species on coffee, all from Africa—were provisionally assigned to the genus Clonostachys. A polyphasic study of their morphological, cultural and molecular characteristics—including the Tef1 (translation elongation factor 1 alpha), RPB1 (largest subunit of RNA polymerase II), TUB (β-tubulin) and ACL1 (ATP citrate lyase) regions—confirmed these isolates as belonging to three species of the genus Clonostachys: namely C. byssicola, C. rhizophaga and C. rosea f. rosea. Preliminary assays were also conducted to test the potential of the Clonostachys isolates to reduce CLR severity on coffee under greenhouse conditions. Foliar and soil applications indicated that seven of the isolates had a significant effect (p < 0.05) in reducing CLR severity. In parallel, in vitro tests that involved conidia suspensions of each of the isolates together with urediniospores of H. vastatrix resulted in high levels of inhibition of urediniospore germination. All eight isolates showed their ability to establish as endophytes in C. arabica during this study, and some proved to be mycoparasites of H. vastatrix. In addition to reporting the first records of Clonostachys associated with healthy coffee tissues and with Hemileia rusts of coffee, this work provides the first evidence that Clonostachys isolates have potential as biological control agents against CLR.
Corynespora cassiicola is reported causing leaf spots on Ocimum basilicum (sweet basil) for the first time in Brazil. The fungus was identified based on morphological and molecular features and its pathogenicity to sweet basil was demonstrated.
Hop – Humulus lupulus (Cannabaceae) – is an important and ancient, herbaceous, temperate, perennial crop. It is a vine which, although having other uses, is cultivated predominantly for the brewing industry (Laws 2013). Cultivation of hops in Brazil is relatively new and has increased in the last twenty years. There is only one published record of a fungal disease affecting hop in Brazil – powdery mildew (Fagherazzi et al 2021). In January 2021, leaf spots appeared on all eight hops plants ithe collection maintained in the Infectarium, a disease demonstration garden on the campus of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil (https://www.infectario.ufv.br/). Symptoms were small, sub-circular to irregular spots, up to 5 mm, with a whitish to grayish center, surrounded by a dark brown necrotic margin, followed by a narrow yellowish outer margin. Older lesions became larger, grayish-brown, coalesced leading to extensive necrosis and stem dieback. A sample was collected, dried in a plant press, and deposited in the Herbarium of UFV (Acc. No VIC 47534). A dematiaceous fungus was found sporulating in the center of the lesions, when examined with a dissecting microscope. Fungal structures were scraped with a scalpel, mounted in lactoglycerol and observed with a light microscope (Olympus BX51). A pure culture was obtained after conidia were transferred onto PDA plates with a sterile fine-pointed needle. A representative isolate was deposited in the culture collection of the UFV (COAD 3368). The fungus had the following morphology: conidiophores cylindrical, geniculate, proliferating sympodially, 53 to 380 µm × 3 to 6.5 µm, 3 to 15-septate, smooth, with thickened and dark conidial scars, brown; conidia acicular to filiform, 47 to 210 µm × 2.5 to 5 µm, 3 to 17-septate, thin‑walled, smooth, with thickened and dark hila, hyaline. This combination is typical of Cercospora apii sensu lato, as described by Crous and Braun (2003). Genomic DNA was extracted from a 7-day-old culture of COAD 3368 and three loci were PCR amplified, namely: actin (ACT), with 512-F and 783-R primers; calmodulin (CAL), using the primers 228F and 2Rd; and histone H3 gene (HIS3), with the primers CYLH3F and CYLH3R. PCR products were sequenced by Macrogen (Seoul, South Korea) and the resulting sequences were deposited in GenBank (OM677624, OM677625 and OM677626, respectively). A multilocus Bayesian phylogenetic grouped COAD 3368 with Cercospora ‘sp. Q’ (Groenewald et al. 2013). This is a yet unresolved species complex within C. apii. Six 6‑month‑old healthy hop plants (cv. Cascade) were sprayed with a COAD 3368 conidial suspension (105 conidia/ mL) whereas another group of six plants was sprayed with sterile distilled water, serving as controls. Plants were placed in a dew chamber for 5 days and then transferred to a greenhouse bench, where they were observed daily. Thirty days after inoculation, symptoms similar to those observed in the field had developed on all inoculated plants, whereas control plants remained healthy. The fungus growing on inoculated hops produced typical Cercospora conidiophores and conidia. Upon reisolation, pure cultures with the same morphology of COAD 3368 were obtained. There are no previous records of Cercospora ‘sp. Q’ on hops worldwide. Fungi in Cercospora ‘sp. Q’ are known to have a broad host-range. A previous record of Cercospora ‘sp. Q’ leaf spots was published from its observation on Dioscorea cayennensis in the Infectarium (Torres et al. 2016). Damage to the hop plants was severe and it is possible that Cercospora leaf spot will become an emerging threat to commercial hop plantations in Brazil.
Paramyrothecium foliicola is reported for the first time in Brazil and worldwide causing leaf spots on hop (Humulus lupulus). The fungus was identified with a combination of morphological and molecular information. The pathogenicity of P. foliicola to hop was demonstrated through inoculations under controlled conditions.
A cafeicultura é uma das principais atividades agrícolas no mundo e seu produto, o café, movimenta bilhões de dólares anualmente. Nesse cenário, o Brasil se sobressai como maior produtor de tal commodity. Dentre as doenças que acometem a cultura destaca-se a ferrugem do cafeeiro, causada por Hemileia vastatrix. Em 2014, teve início um grande projeto em busca de potenciais antagonistas a este patógeno com coletas realizadas em diferentes localidades do Brasil, Paraguai, Quênia, Camarões e Etiópia. O levantamento resultou em mais de 1.500 isolados fúngicos endofíticos ao cafeeiro ou supostos micoparasitas de H. vastatrix, dentre eles, vários isolados de Cladosporium spp. (supostos micoparasitas) e uma espécie do gênero Cordyceps (endofítico). O presente trabalho teve por objetivo esclarecer a identidade de tais isolados e avaliar preliminarmente o seu potencial para o biocontrole de H. vastatrix através de ensaios in vitro. Em relação aos isolados de Cladosporium, inferências filogenéticas a partir de ACT e ITS identificaram quatro espécies já conhecidas (C. asperulatum, C. sphaerospermum, C. tenuissimum e C. xantochromaticum). Outros dez isolados foram reconhecidos como representantes de possíveis sete espécies novas. Nos testes in vitro observou‑se redução significativa da germinação dos uredósporos de H. vastatrix tratados com determinados isolados de Cladosporium, quando comparados à testemunha. Não foram encontrados relatos anteriores de membros do gênero Cladosporium crescendo sobre urédias de H. vastatrix e avaliações dos seus efeitos sobre uredósporos do patógeno são também inéditos. Análises filogenéticas com base em ITS, LSU e TEF, revelaram que o isolado endofítico pertence à espécie Cordyceps cateniannulata e observações morfológicas confirmaram essa identificação. Testes in vitro demonstraram significativa redução na germinação de uredósporos do patógeno após tratamento com C. cateniannulata, em comparação ao controle. Cordyceps cateniannulata tem apresentado potencial para reduzir a severidade da ferrugem do cafeeiro e testes preliminares são discutidos. Também é discutida a observação de seu crescimento sobre urédias de H. vastatrix, indicando um possível micoparasitismo. Palavras-chave: Ferrugem do cafeeiro. Filogenia. Antagonismo. Uredósporo. Filtrado fúngico.
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