A low level of CD4+ lymphocyte cells makes end-stage HIV/AIDS patients highly susceptible to microbial infections. We have adopted the next generation sequencing method to identify the spectrum of bacterial plasma and viral elements that might be present in these patients. The HIV/AIDS plasma microbiome was dominated by bacterial elements in the taxonomical order Pseudomonadales, while healthy people carried fewer bacterial DNA in the plasma. We have found that many of the bacterial elements in HIV/AIDS plasma are similar to those of the microbes found in the human gut, suggesting potential acquisition of microbial elements from the gut. The HIV/AIDS and normal plasma DNA virome shared some similarities in the presence of common ubiquitous eukaryotic viruses. The normal DNA virome was mainly composed of viruses from Anelloviridae. In contrast, the HIV/AIDS DNA virome contained a large proportion of bacteriophages, endogenous retroviruses and a non-human virus. In addition, several sequences, which might belong to novel bacteria or endogenous retroviruses, were identified. Taken together, the use of high-throughput sequencing technology in unveiling microbial metagenomics may facilitate future research in combating HIV/AIDS and its associated microbial complications.

This article presents a finite-element analysis (FEA) based study to understand the influence of cutting parameters (rake angle, relief angle and cutter edge radius) on the machining-induced damage of unidirectional (UD) composites. Carbon/epoxy (CFRP) and glass/epoxy (GFRP) composites are considered. Onset of damage in composites is modelled using a combination of maximum stress and Puck's fracture criteria, while a novel damage propagation algorithm is proposed to account for the post-damage material softening behaviour. A spring-back phenomenon (partial elastic recovery of workpiece material after tool passed a cutting surface) often observed in composites machining, is considered in the FE model to allow a better prediction of the thrust force and induced damage. A validated FE model predicts that with increasing relief angle, the extent of sub-surface damage is reduced. Rake angle or tool edge radius are not found to have a great influence on the induced damage. A large dependence is observed between the fibre angle and the induced damage, as the severity of damage increase when fibre orientations varies from 30 • to 90 • .

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Background: Intracellular water in plant leaves is paramount importance to physiological and biochemical processes. Water changes trigger the rapid response of plant electrophysiological information. In this study, plant electrophysiological information was firstly used to rapid monitor intracellular water information in plant leaves. Results: Based on the thermodynamics laws, the fitting equations between plant electrophysiological parameters and clamping force were innovative established. Subsequently, leaf intrinsic electrophysiological parameters, intracellular water-holding capacity (IWHC), water use efficiency (IWUE), water-holding time (IWHT) and water transfer rate (WTR), were firstly developed and applied. The results show that the leaves of Broussonetia papyrifera in the cultivated soil had higher IWHC, WTR and water content than in the moderate rocky desertification soil. The leaf IWHC, WTR and water content of the herbaceous plants were higher than that of the woody plants. Solanum tuberosum had higher leaf IWHC, WTR and lower IWUE, IWHT, as compared to Capsicum annuum. Conclusions: These indexes strongly reveal the life phenomenon of the intracellular water metabolism in plant leaves. This study highlights that the online electrophysiological parameters promise a new sight for intracellular water metabolism in plants.