The Gobi Desert is a vast semidesert area in China, which is mostly covered by gravel with minor vegetation. The Gobi in northern and northwestern part of China is believed to be the main source of sandstorms in East Asia (Sun et al., 2001), and the amount of dust released from the Gobi area (3.7 tons per day) during sandstorm is much higher than that from the sand desert area (0.8 tons per day; S. Chen et al., 2017). Dust emissions due to frequent sandstorms in the Gobi area (Jugder et al., 2012;Natsagdorj et al., 2003) usually accompanied by strong sand surface wind-blown sand movement, which causes great harm to various facilities and railway lines in the vicinity.The wind-blown sand is a typical two-phase (gas-solid) flow. It forms by the interaction between air and solid particulates (Z. Wang et al., 2009;Wu, 2003). Bagnold (1935) first combined theoretical studies on fluid mechanics with his long-time field investigations in the Libyan Desert and further with a series of wind tunnel experiments (Bagnold, 1941) to understand wind-blown sand. Since then, numerous studies have been carried out on the theoretical simulations and quantitative analysis of wind-blown sand (
The effect of near-surface wind on sand particles is an important process that affects substance transport, landform evolution, and climate change on Earth, Mars, and other terrestrial planets (Bagnold, 1941;Kroy et al., 2002;Shao, 2008). On a smaller scale, saltation of sand particles is a direct driving factor for the erosion of dunes and the release of dust on the surface (Bagnold, 1935;Diniega et al., 2017). Saltation can be divided into four physical processes-the surface particles are triggered by aerodynamic lift; the particles are accelerated by the wind to move in a ballistic trajectory; the falling particles impact the sand bed surface, and at the same time of rebounding, they agitate new sand particles to leave the bed surface, thus, creating a chain reaction; the saltation particles modify the wind speed profile by exerting a drag force. Aeolian sand transport models based on these four processes have been widely used in computer simulations of two-phase aeolian-sand flows on the
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