To gain insight on the mechanistic aspects of the palladium-catalyzed hydrolysis of NaBH(4) in alkaline media, the kinetics of the reaction has been investigated by (11)B NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) measurements taken at different times during the reaction course. Working with BH(4)(-) concentration in the range 0.05-0.1 M and with a [substrate]/[catalyst] molar ratio of 0.03-0.11, hydrolysis has been found to follow a first-order kinetic dependence from concentration of both the substrate and the catalyst (Pd/C 10 wt %). We followed the reaction of NaBH(4) and its perdeuterated analogue NaBD(4) in H(2)O, in D(2)O and H(2)O/D(2)O mixtures. When the process was carried out in D(2)O, deuterium incorporation in BH(4)(-) afforded BH(4)(-)(n)D(n)(-) (n = 1, 2, 3, 4) species, and a competition between hydrolysis and hydrogen/deuterium exchange processes was observed. By fitting the kinetics NMR data by nonlinear least-squares regression techniques, the rate constants of the elementary steps involved in the palladium-catalyzed borohydride hydrolysis have been evaluated. Such a regression analysis was performed on a reaction scheme wherein the starting reactant BH(4)(-) is allowed both to reversibly exchange hydrogen with deuterium atoms of D(2)O and to irreversibly hydrolyze into borohydroxy species B(OD)(4)(-). In contrast to acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of sodium borohydride, our results indicate that in the palladium-catalyzed process the rate constants of the exchange processes are higher than those of the corresponding hydrolysis reactions.

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Amorphous Co−B-based catalyst powder, produced by chemical reduction of cobalt salts, was used as the target material for Co−B thin film catalyst preparation through pulsed laser deposition (PLD). A comparative kinetic analysis of the sodium borohydride (NaBH4) hydrolysis by using Co−B catalyst added to the hydride solution as powder or as thin film was carried out. Both forms of catalyst (powder and film) were heat-treated at 623 K for 2 h under various atmospheric conditions (in vacuum or by using Ar, H2, and O2 gases) in order to study their effects on H2 generation rate. Surface morphology of the catalyst was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), while compositional and bond formation analysis were carried out using X-photoelectron (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), respectively. Structural characterization of catalysts was performed using the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. It was observed that nanoparticles produced during laser ablation process act as active centers in the catalyst films, producing significantly higher rate (about 6 times) of H2 generation than the corresponding Co−B powder. No significant changes were observed for Co−B powder treated in an inert atmosphere (vacuum and Ar) while it caused structural changes in Co−B films. Co2B phase formation in films makes them more efficient catalysts with 28% increase in rate of H2 generation as compared to untreated film. Heat treatment in an oxygen atmosphere causes complete inactivation of powder catalyst, while film still showed excellent catalytic activity with just a longer induction time. The AFM and SEM analysis of the heat-treated films did not show drastic change in surface morphology, indicating that changes in catalytic activity of the films were possibly connected to structural modification and formation of boron oxide on the catalyst surface. We report that by using suitable thin film Co−B catalyst the maximum H2 generation rate of about 5000 mL/(min g of catalyst) can be achieved. This can generate about 0.9 kW (0.7 V) for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), a critical requirement for portable devices.

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An integrated apparatus designed to carry out online accurate gas-volumetric (GV) measurements of chemicals generated in a reaction chamber is described here. In particular, such equipment is useful to quantify the molecular hydrogen produced into a small reactor via metal-catalysed hydrolysis of sodium borohydride. In its standard configuration the reactor is coupled to a hydrogenmeter relying on accurate weight measurements of water volumes displaced by the same hydrogen volumes produced during the reaction course. Both static (total gas evolved) and dynamic (rate of evolution) information on the analysed gas-mixture is accessible by such an apparatus. Finally, it can be easily interfaced with other quantitative techniques, such as gas-chromatographic (GC) or flow-measurement (FM) techniques. The apparatus is original in many technical solutions which have been adopted: (i) any kind of catalyst can be tested thanks to the insertion device (interchangeable sample plate, ISP), (ii) catalyst is dipped into solution in situ without system opening, (iii) work conditions are continuously monitored, and (iv) system control and data collection are completely automated. The apparatus has been designed to withstand rough usage, for easy and trouble-free manipulation, rapid and complete gas measurements and easy readability.