To date, the number of published reports on the large-volume preparation of polymer-based monolithic chromatography adsorbents is still lacking and is of great importance. Many critical factors need to be considered when manufacturing a large-volume polymer-based monolith for chromatographic applications. Structural integrity, validity, and repeatability are thought to be the key factors determining the usability of a large-volume monolith in a separation process. In this review, we focus on problems and solutions pertaining to heat dissipation, pore size distribution, "wall channel" effect, and mechanical strength in monolith preparation. A template-based method comprising sacrificial and nonsacrificial techniques is possibly the method of choice due to its precise control over the porous structure. However, additional expensive steps are usually required for the template removal. Other strategies in monolith preparation are also discussed.
Desalination is a process of eliminating salt and other minerals from seawater which turns it to a safe usable water. This study showed the generation of clean water from seawater using carbon-coated solar absorber in two different solar still body colours which are transparent and black solar still, under direct solar exposure at approximately 1.2 kW/m2. The efficiency of carbon-coated solar absorber in the transparent and black solar still was computed, while the clean water collected was examined for its pH and salinity. Carbon-coated solar absorber in black solar still exhibit the highest efficiency at around 35.71%, where the pH and salinity of the collected clean water was substantially reduced to usable water at 6.55 and 62 ppm, respectively.
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