Diets rich in dark-green and orange vegetables have been associated with a reduction in chronic diseases. However, most Americans do not consume the number of daily servings recommended by the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. An increasing number of studies suggest that changes to the neighborhood food environment may be critical to achieving population-wide improvements in eating. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between observed neighborhood availability and individual consumption of dark-green and orange vegetables among low- to moderate-income and ethnically diverse adults in Detroit. This study used a cross-sectional design that drew upon a 2002–2003 community survey and 2002 in-person audit of food stores. A total of 919 adults (mean age 46.3 years, 52.2% female) including African Americans (56.7 %), Latinos (22.2%), and whites (18.7%) residing in three Detroit communities participated in the survey. Two-level weighted, hierarchical linear regression was used to analyze the data. On average, survey respondents ate 0.61 daily servings of dark-green and orange vegetables. Residents of neighborhoods with no stores carrying five or more varieties of dark-green and orange vegetables were associated with an average of 0.17 fewer daily servings of these foods compared with residents of neighborhoods with two stores carrying five or more varieties of dark-green and orange vegetables (P=0.047). These findings suggest that living in a neighborhood with multiple opportunities to purchase dark-green and orange vegetables may make an important contribution toward meeting recommended intakes.

BARNES, Corp, Loutit and Neal (1956), in a preliminary report, described the successful eradication of murine leukaemia by treatment of leukaemia-bearing mice with whole-body radiation followed by intravenous isologous bone marrow.Attempts by us to cure a similar leukaemia in the same strain of mouse using similar methods and a larger dose of radiation have not been successful. It appeared that the prospects of eradicating leukaemia by this form of treatment might be usefully explored by determining a survival curve for leukaemia cells irradiated in vivo. Given data concerning the number of leukaemia cells in a mouse at the time of treatment, such a curve would enable the chance of cure by a specified dose of whole-body radiation to be predicted. This paper reports the determination of a survival curve of this kind. We believe that the curve will be of considerable general interest because we are not aware of a survival curve for mammalian cells irradiated in vivo having been described previously. An unsuccessful attempt to cure leukaemia-bearing mice by whole-body radiation is analysed in the light of the data provided by this curve. MATERIALS AND METHODSMice.-The CBA mice used in all the experiments were bred by brother-tosister mating in this laboratory and were aged 2-6 months when used for experiment.Leukaemia strain.-The lymphocytic type of leukaemia arose spontaneously in a mouse of the same colony as that providing the mice used in the experiments, and no evidence of a genetic difference between the malignant cells and the host mice has been detected in a wide range of experiments which could have revealed such a difference. A detailed account of the leukaemia, and of the method of bioassay used to measure the number of viable leukaemia cells in a suspension, appears elsewhere (Hewitt, 1958). Briefly, the method of bioassay is as follows: a single-cell suspension of leukaemia cells is prepared from the infiltrated liver of a leukaemic mouse; the density of morphologically intact leukaemia cells is determined by counting in a counting chamber under phase-contrast microscopy, and accurate serial dilutions of the counted suspension are made; the mean number of leukaemia cells in 0-2 ml. volumes of each of the series of dilute suspensions is calculated from the cell density of the initial suspension and the dilution factor; 0.2 ml. volumes of each of a series of selected dilutions are injected intraperitoneally into a group of 6-10 mice; the incidence of leukaemia in each injected

Studies have shown that neighborhood food environments are important influences on dietary intake and may contribute to health disparities. While instruments with high reliability have been developed to assess food availability, price, and quality, few measures to assess items associated with the physical and social features of food stores have been developed. Yet, recent qualitative studies have documented aspects associated with such features of urban food stores that are barriers to food acquisition. We assessed the reliability of measures to assess multiple components of the food environment-including physical and social store features--in three geographically distinct and diverse communities in Detroit, Michigan, using the Food Environment Audit for Diverse Neighborhoods (FEAD-N). Using the FEAD-N, four trained observers conducted observations of 167 food stores over a 10-week period between October and December 2008. To assess inter-rater reliability, two trained observers independently visited, on the same day, a random subset of 44 food stores. Kappa statistics and percent agreement were used to evaluate inter-rater reliability. Overall, the instrument had mostly high inter-rater reliability with more than 75% of items with kappa scores between 0.80 and 1.00, indicating almost perfect reliability. More than half of the physical store features and 47% of the social store features had almost perfect reliability and about 37% and 47%, respectively, had substantial reliability. Measuring factors associated with the physical and social environment of food stores with mostly high reliability is feasible. Systematic documentation of the physical and social features of food stores using objective measures may promote a more comprehensive understanding of how neighborhood food environments influence health.

The multiple and diverse perspectives, skills, and experiences inherent in community-academic partnerships make them uniquely positioned to educate policy makers and advocate for health equity. Effective communication tools are critical to successfully engage in the policy-making process. Yet few resources emphasize the development and use of practical tools for translating community-based participatory research (CBPR) findings into action. The purpose of this article is to describe a CBPR process for developing and using a one-page summary, or "one-pager," of research findings and their policy implications. This article draws on the experience of the Healthy Environments Partnership (HEP), a community-academic partnership in Detroit, Michigan. In addition to describing these processes, this article includes a template for a one-pager and an example of a one-pager that was written for and presented to federal policy makers. KeywordsCommunity-based participatory research; policy; one-pager; communication; practical tool; translation A key principle of CBPR is its commitment to the translation of research findings into action. 1 Although action can take many forms, as Themba and Minkler 2 , p. 349 have noted, "to influence the lives of large numbers of people, action aimed at changing policy is often critical." The multiple and diverse perspectives, skills, and experiences inherent in community-academic partnerships make them uniquely positioned to educate policy makers and advocate for health-promoting public policies and health equity. 3,4 For example, academic partners can contribute by applying their quantitative and qualitative skills to evaluate proposed legislation or to assess the cost and effectiveness of policies and programs. Community partners, as constituents to a local representative, can influence the policy-making process significantly by, for example, sharing stories about the practical implications of a proposed policy. Together, researchers and community members can NIH Public Access Although existing examples of policymaking within the context of CBPR offer insights into various stages of policy development, 2-7 few emphasize the development and use of practical tools to communicate research findings to policy makers. Accordingly, this article has two main aims. First, this article describes a CBPR process for writing a one-page summary, or "one-pager," of research findings and their policy implications. A one-pager is commonly used as a communication tool in policy advocacy. [8][9][10][11] In contrast with a policy brief, which is typically longer (two to eight pages), one-pagers include only the most pertinent information and can be an effective way to succinctly summarize major points and guide discussions with policy makers. Second, this article describes a CBPR process for using a one-pager to educate policy makers and advocate for specific requests. To be most useful, this article includes a template for a sample one-pager with key headings and questions to guide community-academi...

Any potential health effects of radiation emitted from radionuclides deposited in the bodies of workers exposed to radioactive materials can be directly investigated through epidemiological studies. However, estimates of radionuclide exposure and consequent tissue-specific doses, particularly for early workers for whom monitoring was relatively crude but exposures tended to be highest, can be uncertain, limiting the accuracy of risk estimates. We review the use of job-exposure matrices (JEMs) in peer-reviewed epidemiological and exposure assessment studies of nuclear industry workers exposed to radioactive materials as a method for addressing gaps in exposure data, and discuss methodology and comparability between studies. We identified nine studies of nuclear worker cohorts in France, Russia, the USA and the UK that had incorporated JEMs in their exposure assessments. All these JEMs were study or cohort-specific, and although broadly comparable methodologies were used in their construction, this is insufficient to enable the transfer of any one JEM to another study. Moreover there was often inadequate detail on whether, or how, JEMs were validated. JEMs have become more detailed and more quantitative, and this trend may eventually enable better comparison across, and the pooling of, studies. We conclude that JEMs have been shown to be a valuable exposure assessment methodology for imputation of missing exposure data for nuclear worker cohorts with data not missing at random. The next step forward for direct comparison or pooled analysis of complete cohorts would be the use of transparent and transferable methods.