Among maize (Zea maize L.) breeders, there is a heightened awareness of the necessity for both maintaining genetic diversity for crop improvement and improving the quality of genetic resource management. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) and isozymes can serve as genetic markers for estimating divergence or diversity; however, the limited number of polymorphic isozyme loci available and the labor intensive and time consuming nature of RFLPs make their use for this purpose prohibitive. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs), when resolved using agarose gels, may be a viable and costeffective alternative to RFLPs and isozymes. Ninety‐four elite maize inbred lines, representative of the genetic diversity among lines derived from the Corn Belt Dent and Southern Dent maize races, were assayed for polymorphism at 70 SSR marker loci using agarose gels. The 365 alleles identified served as raw data for estimating genetic similarities among these lines. The patterns of genetic divergence revealed by the SSR polymorphisms were consistent with known pedigrees. A cluster analysis placed the inbred lines in nine clusters that correspond to major heterotic groups or market classes for North American maize. A unique fingerprint for each inbred line could be obtained from as few as five SSR loci. The utility of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based markers such as SSRs for measuring genetic diversity, for assigning lines to heterotic groups and for genetic fingerprinting equals or exceeds that of RFLP markers, a property that may prove a valuable asset for a maize breeding program.

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Because traits such as grain yield are polygenically inherited and strongly influenced by environment, determination of genotypic values from phenotypic expression is not precise and improvement strategies are frequently based on low heritabilities. Increased knowledge of the genetic factors involved in the expression of yield should enhance the improvement of this trait. The objectives of this study were to identify and locate genetic factors (i.e., quantitative trait loci, QTL's) associated with grain yield and 24 yield-related traits in two F 2 populations of maize (Zea mays L.) using isozyme marker loci. (The populations were generated by selfing the F 1 , hybrids CO159 ✕ Tx303 and T232 ✕ CM37.) In addition, assessments of the types and magnitudes of gene effects expressed by these QTL's were made. About two-thirds of the associations among 17 to 20 marker loci and the 25 quantitative traits were significant with a large proportion of these at P < 0.001. Proportions of variation accounted for by genetic factors associated with individual marker loci varied from less than 1% to more than 11%. Although individual marker loci accounted for relatively small proportions of the phenotypic variation for these yield-related traits, differences between mean phenotypic values of the two homozygous classes at certain loci were occasionally more than 16% of the population mean. Also, different genomic regions contributed to yield through different subsets of the yield-related traits. Predominant types of gene action varied among loci and among the 25 quantitative traits. For plant grain yield, top ear grain weight, and ear length, the gene action was primarily dominant or overdominant. However, mainly additive gene action was implicated for ear number, kernel row number, and second ear grain weight. Results from these studies should prove to be useful for manipulating QTL's in marker-facilitated selection programs RightsWorks produced by employees of the U.S. Government as part of their official duties are not copyrighted within the U.S. The content of this document is not copyrighted. ABSTRACTBecause traits such as grain yield are polygenically inherited and strongly influenced by environment, determination of genotypic values from phenotypic expression is not precise and improvement strategies are frequently based on low heritabilities. Increased knowledge of the genetic factors involved in the expression of yield should enhance the improvement of this trait. The objectives of this study were to identify and locate genetic factors (i.e., quantitative trait loci, QTL's) associated with grain yield and 24 yield-related traits in two F, populations of maize (Zea mays L.) using isozyme marker loci. (The populations were generated by selfing the F, hybrids CO159 X Tx303 and T232 X CM37.) In addition, assessments of the types and magnitudes of gene effects expressed by these QTL's were made. About two-thirds of the associations among 17 to 20 marker loci and the 25 quantitative traits were significant with a large...

Maize (Zea mays L.) growth at low soil P levels is affected both by inherent physiological factors as well as interactions with soil microbes. The objectives of this study were (i) to quantify differences among maize inbred lines for growth at low P and response to mycorrhizal fungi, and (ii) to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling these traits in a B73 × Mo17 recombinant inbred population. Shoot dry weight and root volume were measured in the greenhouse after 6 wk of growth in a factorial experiment of 28 inbred maize lines using treatments of low vs. high P and mycorrhizal vs. nonmycorrhizal treatments. Shoot dry weight for the low P treatment in the absence of mycorrhizae ranged from 0.56 to 3.15 g. Mycorrhizal responsiveness based on shoot dry weight ranged from 106 to 800%. Shoot dry weight in the low P–nonmycorrhizal treatment was highly negatively correlated with mycorrhizal responsiveness. Plants grown at high P in the presence of mycorrhizae accumulated only 88% of the biomass of plants grown at high P in the absence of mycorrhizae, indicating that mycorrhizae can reduce plant growth when not contributing to the symbiosis. Percentage of root colonization was not correlated with mycorrhizal responsiveness. B73 and Mo17 were among the extremes for growth at low P and mycorrhizal responsiveness, and a B73 × Mo17 population of 197 recombinant inbred lines was used to detect QTL for growth at low P and mycorrhizal responsiveness. Three QTL were identified which controlled growth at low P in the absence of mycorrhizae based on shoot weight and one QTL which controlled mycorrhizal responsiveness. This study indicates that there is substantial variation among maize lines for growth at low P and response to mycorrhizal fungi. This variation could be harnessed to develop cultivars for regions of the world with P deficiency and for reduced‐input production systems.

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms have become powerful tools for genetic investigations in plant species. They allow a much greater degree of genome saturation with neutral markers than has been possible with isozymes or morphological loci. A previous investigation employed isozymes as genetic markers to infer the location of genetic factors influencing the expression of quantitative traits in the maize population: (CO159×Tx303)F2. This investigation was conducted to examine the inferences that might be derived using a highly saturated map of RFLP markers and isozymes to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in the same maize F2 population. Marker loci that were associated with QTL effects in this investigation generally corresponded well with previous information where such comparisons were possible. Additionally, a number of previously unmarked genomic regions were found to contain factors with large effects on some plant traits. Availability of numerous marker loci in some genomic regions allowed: more accurate localization of QTLs, resolution of linkage between QTLs affecting the same traits, and determination that some chromsome regions previously found to affect a number of traits are likely to be due to linkage of QTLs affecting different traits. Many of the factors that affected plant height quantitatively in this investigation were found to map to regions also including known sites of major genes influencing plant height. Although the data are not conclusive, they suggest that some of the identified QTLs may be allelic to known major genes affecting plant height.

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effects of detasseling and tassel branch removal with detasseled plants having a 5% yield increase and deb-Light penetration into the canopy of maize (Zea mays L.) producranched tassels having a 2% yield increase over the tion fields is an important determinant of grain yield. Factors affecting light penetration include agricultural practices such as planting density control. and plant morphological factors such as leaf angle, leaf size, and Leaf angle effects on maize yield have also been docutassel size. The objectives of this experiment were to identify genomic mented. Pendleton et al. (1968) compared liguleless2 regions controlling the inheritance of leaf angle and tassel morphology and normal hybrids and showed up to a 41.2% yield 1902

Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are rapidly becoming an important class of DNA markers that are being widely used to map both plant and animal genomes. SSRs have the advantage of providing a codominant marker system based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodology. Although the presence of SSRs is now well documented in the plant kingdom, a mapped set of primer sequences in maize (Zea mays L.) is not available. Polymorphic primer pairs developed from maize sequences in GENBANK were mapped to 42 loci in maize by means of either a B73 × Mo17, Mo17 × H99, or B73 × G35 recombinant inbred population. All SSR loci were found to be linked to one or more adjacent restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and/or isozyme loci. Segregation followed a pattern of Mendelian inheritance with one SSR locus deviating from expected ratios at a 1% level of significance. The SSRs were distributed throughout the maize genome with no evidence of clustering. Each SSR marker detected a single locus.