This paper describes the instrumentation and technique for the routine characterization of thin Films, multi-layers and substrates by grazing incidence X-ray reflectometry with a rotating anode and CuKα1, line source. Ge 220 channel monochromators with two reflections per channel were used with one CM placed before and the other after the specimen. In many applications the second CM could be replaced with a narrow receiving slit. The specimen holder was designed to make fine translations of the specimen for alignment, a base was designed to permit precise positioning of the diffractometer, and a high-speed Rigaku scintillation counter was used. The alignment and calibration are described and some typical data given to illustrate the capability of the method.
Abstract:We report on the development of an atomic clock for both ground and space applications, based upon the two-photon transition in Rb. Off-the-shelf components allow for a simple architecture that supports 7 ×10 −13 / √ τ at 1 second.
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