The relationship between patterns of gonadal development and endocrine changes
during reproductive development was examined in the greenback flounder
(Rhombosolea tapirina). Oocyte size–frequency
distributions showed that female greenback flounder have group synchronous
oocyte development, and that there are multiple ovulations. Plasma and ovarian
concentrations of testosterone (T) and 17β-oestradiol
(E2) were elevated in association with vitellogenesis.
Plasma concentrations of 17,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20βP)
were significantly elevated in ovulated females, whereas ovarian
concentrations of 17,20βP were elevated in association with final oocyte
maturation (FOM) and ovulation. Plasma concentrations of 17,20βP-sulfate
but not 17,20βP-glucuronide were elevated in association with FOM and
ovulation. Changes in macroscopic testis stage were not accompanied by
significant changes in proportions of gamete types in the testis. Plasma
concentrations of T were elevated in spermatogenic and partially spermiated
males. No significant changes in plasma 11-ketotestosterone (11KT),
17,20βP, 17,20βP-sulfate and 17,20βP-glucuronide were detected
with change in testis stage.
In differential blood counting, one attempts by careful observation of a limited number of leukocytes to obtain a picture of the actual distribution of the various types of cells in the blood stream Such confidence is unwarranted, since differential counting of the leukocytes is one of the most uncertain of the quantitative methods used in medicine. There are three types of error in this procedure. The first is the mechanical error, which includes all variations in taking the blood sample, making the smear and staining, and all irregularities in distribution of the cells depending upon the type of smear and the areas over which the count is made. The second type is the error of interpretation, the magnitude of which depends entirely upon the judgment of the observer. The third is the error due entirely to chance, which is the subject of the present paper.Many articles have been written on the errors of blood counting, but most of them are concerned with the mechanical errors. Thus, Napier (1), Meissner (2), Stephens et al. (3), Beacom (4) and Gyllensward (5) describe variations in differential counts on smears made in various ways, the counts being made over various areas of the smears. No two of these authors agree as to the most accurate method of making the count. The chance errors either are not mentioned or are discussed very briefly. All 77
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