In this paper, a light-controlled frequency reconfigurable antenna is presented for 5 G, WLAN, and radio altimeter applications. The given (44 × 28) mm2 antenna consists of a radiating V-shaped structure and three stub arrangements. The main λ/2 length stub is used to feed the antenna and the two λ/4, λ/8 length open-circuited stubs are located perpendicular to the main feeding stub for tuning the frequency of the antenna. The length of the stubs can be adjusted by placing (4 × 1.2) mm photodiode switches on the perpendicular stubs. Four experiments are carried out to analyze the performance of the antenna. When light and DC bias voltage is not applied (Experiment-1) to the photodiodes the proposed antenna radiates from 4.1 to 4.63 GHz with 12% bandwidth. When light is applied to the photodiode without DC bias voltage and DC bias voltage is applied without light (Experiment-2,3) the antenna reconfigures its frequency band from 3.43 to 3.6GHz and 4.8 to 5.4 GHz with 4.85% and 12% bandwidth respectively. The antenna shifts the radiation from 4.8 to 5.5 GHz with 14% bandwidth when the light and DC bias voltage is applied to the antenna(Experiment-4). The measured gain of the proposed antenna is greater than 3.8dBi in all the experiments.
Summary
Underwater Wireless Communication is a rapidly growing technology in the research domain. The researchers have been working towards the developments in underwater communication by investigating climatic changes, prediction of natural disasters, marine environment, monitoring aquatic life, oceanographic transmission, and data collection. The main objective of underwater communication is to achieve lossless, high transmission with the least power consumption. The Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs) and Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) are set up with remote instruments and sensors to enable the natural exploration of the resources in the undersea environment. This research article is based on the study of various modes of communication, architectures, and protocol layers involved in underwater communication. Furthermore, an underwater hybrid connection is established by opto‐acoustic signals, and the overview of various performance characteristics, channel behaviors, and issues in the underwater scenario are investigated.
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