Human serum albumin (HSA) is one of the most widely studied proteins and is an important plasma protein responsible for binding and transport of many exogenous and endogenous drugs. Coumarin derivatives play a critical role as anticancer, antidiabetic, anticoagulant, and analgesic agents. Here we have studied the cytotoxic activity of 7-hydroxycoumarin derivatives (7HC-1, 7HC-2, and 7HC-3) on mouse macrophage (RAW 264.7) cell lines. These studies revealed that 7-hydroxycoumarin derivatives caused an increased inhibition in growth of inflamed macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 of 78, 63, and 50 μM. Further studies, using fluorescence, circular dichroism spectroscopy, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics methods, show binding of 7HC (umbelliferone) derivatives with HSA at physiological pH 7.2. The binding constant of 7HC derivatives with HSA obtained from fluorescence emission was found to be K7HC-1 = 4.6 ± 0.01 × 10(4) M(-1), K7HC-2 = 1.3 ± 0.01 × 10(4) M(-1), and K7HC-3 = 7.9 ± 0.01 × 10(4) M(-1) which corresponds to -6.34 kcal/mol, -5.58 kcal/mol, and -6.65 kcal/mol of free energy. In contrast, the binding of these coumarin derivatives (7HC-1, 7HC-2, and 7HC-3) was almost negligible with α-1-glycoprotein (AGP). Circular dichroism (CD) studies revealed a decreased α-helix content with an increase in the β-sheets and random coils in HSA upon interaction with coumarin derivatives, suggesting a partial unfolding of the HSA secondary structure. Site probe studies with phenylbutazone (Site I) and ibuprofen (Site II) indicated that 7HC derivatives specifically bind to sub domains IIIA and IIIB of HSA which is further corroborated by molecular dynamics and docking studies suggesting that binding is specific in nature. The values of free energies and binding constants coincide for both experimental and in silico analysis and suggest that there are hydrophobic interactions when coumarin derivatives bind to HSA. Molecular dynamics studies showed that the HSA-coumarin complex reaches an equilibration state at around 3.5 ns which indicates that the HSA-coumarin complexes were stable. Thus these interactions play a central role in development of coumarin derivative-inspired drugs.

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Coumarin is a benzopyrone which is widely used as an anti-coagulant, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer and also to cure arthritis, herpes, asthma and inflammation. Here, we studied the binding of synthesized coumarin derivatives with human serum albumin (HSA) at physiological pH 7.2 by using fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism spectroscopy, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies. By addition of coumarin derivatives to HSA the maximum fluorescence intensity was reduced due to quenching of intrinsic fluorescence upon binding of coumarin derivatives to HSA. The binding constant and free energy were found to be 1.957±0.01×105 M−1, −7.175 Kcal M−1 for coumarin derivative (CD) enamide; 0.837±0.01×105 M−1, −6.685 Kcal M−1 for coumarin derivative (CD) enoate, and 0.606±0.01×105 M−1, −6.49 Kcal M−1 for coumarin derivative methylprop (CDM) enamide. The CD spectroscopy showed that the protein secondary structure was partially unfolded upon binding of coumarin derivatives. Further, the molecular docking studies showed that coumarin derivatives were binding to HSA at sub-domain IB with the hydrophobic interactions and also with hydrogen bond interactions. Additionally, the molecular dynamics simulations studies contributed in understanding the stability of protein-drug complex system in the aqueous solution and the conformational changes in HSA upon binding of coumarin derivatives. This study will provide insights into designing of the new inspired coumarin derivatives as therapeutic agents against many life threatening diseases.

A visible-light promoted highly selective and efficient strategy for the trifluoromethyl-thiocyanation of alkenes under transition-metal, photocatalyst and additive-free conditions has been reported using stable and recyclable Umemoto reagent II as...

Dimethyl [(substitutedphenyl)(6-oxo6λ5dibenzo[ d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphophepin-6-yl)methyl]phosphonates (5a-j) were synthesised through a three step process involving preparation of dimethyl hydroxy(substitutedphenyl)methyl-phosphonates (4a-j) and their reaction with 6-bromodibenzo[ d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepine (2) in dry toluene in the presence of triethylamine at 50–60°C. Tetramethylguanidine (TMG) as a catalyst was found to increase the yields and purity of the products. These compounds were characterised by IR, 1H, 13C, 31P NMR and mass spectral data found to possess higher antimicrobial activity then the standards.

A mild and efficient Pd-catalyzed arylative domino carbocyclization of cyclohexadienone-containing 1,6-enynes is described. The reaction tolerates a variety of functionalized boronic acids to afford a cis-fused bicyclic framework containing an α,β-unsaturated ketone with excellent regio- and diastereoselectivity in good yields. The tandem process proceeds with β-arylation of propargylic ether followed by conjugate addition of a vinyl palladium intermediate and subsequent protonolysis of a palladium enolate.

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A series of benzo[b]furans was synthesized with modification at the 5-position of the benzene ring by introducing C-linked substituents (aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, etc.). These compounds were evaluated for their antiproliferative activities, inhibition of tubulin polymerization, and cell-cycle effects. Some compounds in this series displayed excellent activity in the nanomolar range against lung cancer (A549) and renal cell carcinoma (ACHN) cancer cell lines. (6-Methoxy-5-((4-methoxyphenyl)ethynyl)-3-methylbenzofuran-2-yl)(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methanone (26) and (E)-3-(6-methoxy-3-methyl-2-(1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)vinyl)benzofuran-5-yl)prop-2-en-1-ol (36) showed significant activity in the A549 cell line, with IC₅₀ values of 0.08 and 0.06 μM, respectively. G₂/M cell-cycle arrest and subsequent apoptosis was observed in the A549 cell line after treatment with these compounds. The most active compound in this series, 36, also inhibited tubulin polymerization with a value similar to that of combretastatin A-4 (1.95 and 1.86 μM, respectively). Furthermore, detailed biological studies such as Hoechst 33258 staining, DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 assays, and western blot analyses with the pro-apoptotic protein Bax and the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 also suggested that these compounds induce cell death by apoptosis. Molecular docking studies indicated that compound 36 interacts and binds efficiently with the tubulin protein.