Abstract-A new switching control algorithm based on state trajectory approximation is proposed to regulate the output voltage of a representative second-order dc-dc converter-the boost converter. The essence of the proposed algorithm is to trap the system into a stable limit cycle while ensuring the required voltage regulation. Unlike some of the earlier algorithms, the concept is applicable to both continuous and discontinuous current modes of operation, making it viable over a wide operating range under various load and line disturbances. A hybrid-automaton representation of the converter is used to perform the analysis, and the control problem is simplified to a guard-selection problem. Guard conditions, governing the transition of the converter operation from one discrete state to the other in a hybrid-automaton representation, are derived. The hybrid-automaton-based control system is implemented by using the state flow chart feature of MATLAB, and extensive simulations are carried out to check the suitability of the algorithm. The hybrid control law is also validated in real time by using a laboratory prototype. The experimental and simulation results prove the effectiveness of the proposed control law under varying line and load conditions.

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compared in simulation as well as in experiments [8][9]. One Abstract-The control of DC-DC converters, in particular example for controller design based on the hybrid model is the boost converter, has been the focus of research for nearly 3 the sliding mode control scheme [6,7]. Like many other decades. Several attempts have been made to design a suitable methods, this scheme, in general, is employed only for controller for the boost converter. But these designs either meters opeme,In gecausl, Is coyedton for suffer from model inaccuracy or their inability to apply to both converters operating in CCM, because, the construction of a continuous and discontinuous current modes (CCM and DCM). linear or non linear sliding surface for the control design in In this paper, a hybrid control scheme, based on hybrid DCM is difficult. There are applications where it is automaton, is proposed for the output voltage regulation of a advantageous to operate the converter in CCM under full boost converter. Though the emphasis in this paper is on DCM, load conditions and in DCM under light load conditions to the scheme is applicable to both CCM and DCM operation. A safe area around the operating point is determined in the state improve the overall effircency. In such a converter, the space to ensure the stability of inter-mode switching. The safe operation may move from CCM to DCM or vice versa during area and the steady state set point are dynamic in the sense that the load and line disturbances. In this paper, our aim is to get they vary under various line and load disturbance conditions. a generalized hybrid automaton model representing a boost Then, a suitably designed control algorithm prevents the system converter and to expand the range of operation of a CCM

Abstract-A tri-state converter has three controllable switches and hence has more operating flexibility. This also brings II. HYBRID MoDELING oF A TM-sTATE CoNvERTER additional control design flexibility when viewing the converter as A tri-state converter has three controlled switches as shown a hybrid dynamical system. The operational and control design in Fig. 1. This control flexibility helps to shape the current and flexibility of a trn-state boost converter is explored in this paper to control its output voltage. The analysis and control design for the voltage waveforms easily as per the user requirement. Durng converter is based on an exact hybrid automaton model. The its operation, a ti-state converter assumes three different hybrid control design is carried out to ensure the required voltage configurations or structures. It is by switching between these regulation and switching stability. Using a system theoretical structures, that the desired control objective is achieved.approach, a geometrical region in the state plane around the set point is determined as a stable 'safe-set' by ensuring that a vector VL field of the system pointing towards the set point always exists to ensure the stability of switching in the converter. Within this S3 stable region, the guards for the hybrid automaton model are L determined as the switching control law to satisfy the regulation l requirements. The control algorithm is tested using a model of the S2 tri-state boost converter constructed in MATLAB/SIMULINK L environment. Modeling, analysis, control design and simulation results are presented. Using the proposed control scheme, it is + found that the tni-state converter can work with a wide range of Vin~Si Cv R loads and input voltages without compromising on regulation requirements.

Abstract-This paper presents the modeling of a boost boost converter, it is introduced as a solution to the right half converter operating in pseudo continuous current mode using plane zero present in the state averaged model [7].

Heterojunction solar cells have shown a promising comparable efficiency with the advantage of lower fabrication cost compared to the crystalline solar cells. In this paper, an attempt has been made to simulate the heterojunction structure and HIT structure using AMPS-1D software by applying various approaches. The simulation parameters of these structures are varied for cell efficiency, quantum efficiency, charge carrier concentration and temperature stability to achieve higher efficiency. The final solar cell parameters have been achieved about 20% for heterojunction and 23% for HIT cells. The effects on intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics of doped layers are discussed for these efficiencies.Amorphous silicon, heterojunction, HIT cell, cell efficiency, density of states and simulation.

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In this paper, the output voltage regulation problem in a buck boost converter is defined as a hybrid control problem. For control design, the mutually interacting continuous and discrete dynamics are modeled as a hybrid automaton. Thus, the control problem is defined as a guard selection problem of the hybrid automaton. The system trajectory is switched between different modes based on the guards to achieve the required voltage regulation. The guards defined are fixed surfaces represented in terms of the state variables for a given operating condition. The logic‐based switching in the state plane is stable in terms of the chaotic and bifurcation behavior. The effectiveness of the control scheme for buck and boost operation under line and load disturbances is demonstrated by simulation in the MATLAB‐SIMULINK environment and the results are presented.