This Research Paper addresses the hypothesis that is possible to identify the type of feed used for dairy cows by means of the analysis of milk composition and the fatty acid profile of milk fat. Sixteen dairy farms were monitored during 1 year with quarterly visits between summer 2014 and spring 2015. Rations varied throughout the year due to annual dynamic change of forage production, forage rotation, variation of nutrient requirements according to physiological state of the animal, etc. The ingredients of the rations were analysed by cluster identifying five feeding systems based on the main ingredient of the diet: grazing, maize silage, grass silage, dry forage and concentrate. Milk composition could explain up to 91·3% of the total variability among feeding systems, while fatty acid profile could explain only up to 61·2% of total variability. However, when the sum of types of fatty acids and their ratios are taken, up to 93·5% of total variability could be explained. The maize silage system had the greatest milk yield, protein, solid non-fat and urea proportions, as well as the highest proportion of saturated fatty acid and lowest concentration of trans11 18 : 1, cis9 18 : 1 and 18 : 3 n3. Principal component analysis distinguishes the maize silage system from other feeding systems, both from milk composition and milk fatty acid profile. Concentrate system overlapped partially with the grazing, grass silage and dry forage systems. The latter systems had the highest concentrations of cis9 18 : 1, trans11 18 : 1 and 18 : 3, but there was no clear differentiation among them.
† Estos dos autores han codirigido este trabajo Resumen Los modelos de alimentación para la producción de leche de vaca se clasifican tradicionalmente en base a la superficie agraria destinada al cultivo de maíz. Sin embargo, la composición de las raciones es variable debido a la dinámica de producción de forraje, la rotación de cultivos, la disponibilidad de alimentos en el mercado, los requerimientos de las vacas, etc. Así, la superficie de cultivo no siempre puede asociarse con la ración. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los modelos de alimentación efectivamente utilizados en las ganaderías de leche del Principado de Asturias. Para este propósito se seleccionaron 16 explotaciones en función de la superficie destinada al cultivo de maíz y al uso de pastoreo, que fueron monitorizadas desde el verano de 2014 a la primavera de 2015. Trimestralmente se registró la oferta de alimentos y la producción de leche y se realizó una toma de muestras de alimentos y leche. Mediante análisis de clúster se describieron siete modelos de alimentación efectivamente usados en función del principal ingrediente de la ración. Con independencia de la superficie agraria, el ensilado de maíz se confirma como un pilar en la dieta de las vacas de leche en varios de los modelos. Su utilización reduce el consumo de concentrado en la ración y puede mejorar la composición de la leche en cuanto a proteína, lactosa y extracto seco magro. Palabras clave: Producción de leche de vaca, manejo de alimentación, forrajes, concentrado.
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