The main aim of the present study was to scrutinize the substrate and microhabitat preferred by the Himalayapotamon emphysetum under laboratory conditions. In the first experiment, different substrates: gravel, stones, and cobbles were placed in the round plastic containers, and in the second experiment: grass, aquatic plants, and wood fragments were used as microhabitats for analyzing the preference of the crab species. Minimum mortality was observed when the crabs were provided with the substrate of stones and wood fragments as the microhabitat. The results of the present study provide a better understanding of the breeding and culture of commercially important crab species of Jammu and Kashmir Union Territory and can be used as a reference for determining the culture conditions for Himalaypotamon emphysetum that will boost the economy of this region. The studies related to the preference of habitat and substrate of any species is essential for aquaculture and breeding programs.
The goal of this study was to explore the dynamics of the environmental components with fish species assemblages in the Ravi and Chenab rivers of the Himalayan river system during the study period from "July 2020 to June 2021".. To examine the relationship between fish species and environmental parameters, multivariate statistical analyses including canonical correspondence analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis were applied to data from fish species. ANOSIM and SIMPER were used to determine whether fish assemblage varied with seasons or streams and to identify the fish species that contributed to this variation between the sampling sites. To study the effect of environmental factors on fish species richness, multiple regression analysis was used. Fish species belonging to 30 species and 12 different families (Cyprinidae, 66.6%) were recorded from three study sites (Bhini, Jhajjar and Chadwal streams) with Chadwal (34.3%) having the most ichthyofaunal population. Hillstream fish species dominated the Bhini stream, while catfish species dominated the Jhajjar stream. The Chadwal Stream was home to a diversity of fish species due to its vast fishing grounds. The values of free carbon dioxide (FCO2), bicarbonates (HCO3-), and habitat structure showed significant variations (p<0.05). The Shannon-Wiener (H'), Simpson dominance, and Margalef index values of fish communities were high. Differences in environmental parameters in each sampling site influenced the fish population in the present study. Our findings showed that environmental factors influenced species composition and provided evidence for the dynamic interaction between environmental variables and fish assemblage in the Ravi and Chenab rivers.
Chemical, Dehydration, Differential Thermal and X‐ray analysis of some clays has been carried out to study their mineralogical composition.
All the clay samples appear to be basically montmorillonites. While in one of the clays, montmorillonite is the predominent phase, the other two also contain illites besides other clay mineral impurities.
Thermal expansion/contraction behaviour of some clays between room temperature and 950•Ž was measured and their coefficient of expansion plotted against temperature. The results were correlated with various physico-chemical properties. Besides structure of individual sample, particle size, chemical and mineralogical composition significantly effect ed the thermal response of clays, when heated at a constant rate. The changes in coefficient values at elevated temperatures were also found compatible with corresponding fall in the porosity of samples. Minerals contained in clays were quartz, illite, montmo rillonite and kaolinite.
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