Bhimal (Grewia oppositifolia) is the most important agroforestry tree species used for fodder, fuel and fiber in the Himalayan region. In the present study, G. oppositifolia-based traditional agroforestry systems were selected for the estimation of carbon stock and the production potential of barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea) and finger millet (Eleusine coracana), with two elevational ranges, i.e., 1000–1400 and 1400–1800 m amsl, in Garhwal Himalaya, India. The results of the investigation showed a decline in the growth and yield attributes of both the millet crops under the G. oppositifolia-based agroforestry system at both elevations as compared to their respective control sites (sole crops). Among the elevations, the total number of tillers per plant (2.70 and 2.48), the number of active tillers per plant (2.18 and 2.25), panicle length (17.63 cm and 6.95 cm), 1000-seed weight (5.49 g and 4.33 g), grain yield (10.77 q ha−1 and 11.35 q ha−1), straw yield (37.43 q ha−1 and 30.15 q ha−1), biological yield (48.21 q ha−1 and 41.51 q ha−1) and the harvest index (22.53% and 27.78%) were recorded as higher in the lower elevation in both E. frumentacea and E. coracana, respectively, while plant population per m2 (18.64 and 25.26, respectively) was recorded as higher in the upper elevation. Plant height for E. frumentacea (180.40 cm) was also observed to be higher in the upper elevation, while for E. coracana (98.04 cm), it was recorded as higher in the lower elevation. Tree carbon stock was reported negatively with an increase in altitude. The maximum amount of sequestered carbon in the tree biomass for G. oppositifolia was 23.29 Mg ha−1 at the lower elevation and 18.09 Mg ha−1 at the upper elevation. Total carbon stock in the tree biomass was reported to be the highest (15.15 Mg ha−1) in the 10–20 cm diameter class, followed by 20–30 cm (6.99 Mg ha−1), >30 cm (2.75 Mg ha−1) and the lowest (2.32 Mg ha−1) in the <10 cm diameter class. The results show that the yield of E. frumentacea and E. coracana was not reduced so severely under the G. oppositifolia system; however, keeping in mind the other benefits of this multipurpose tree, i.e., carbon sequestration and socioecological relevance, farmers can get benefit from adopting these crops under G. oppositifolia-based agroforestry systems.

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:The present investigation was carried out to investigate the effect of litter mulch on germination and growth of some field crops of Garhwal Himalaya region, India. Leaf litter was collected from the under story of trees crops i.e. Grewia oppositifolia, Ficus roxburghii, Celtis australis and Boehmeria rugulosa and dry in sun for further experiments. The experiments were conducted in pot culture. The results of present study reveal that leaf litter mulch of G. oppositifolia significantly inhibited the germination and of E. coracana and P. mungo summer crops and F. roxburghii was significantly inhibited the germination of H. vulgare winter crops. Leaves litter of G. oppositifolia C. australis reduced the radicle and plumule growth of G. max, respectively. Similarly, biomass of summer field crops of G. max and E. coracana significantly inhibited by the G. oppositifolia leaves litter. While, winter field crop H. vulgare was significantly inhibited by leaves litter of G. oppositifolia.

The present study was conducted for the evolution of phytoxiticy of leaves and bark extracts of Quercus leucotrichophora on seed germination and radical and plume growth of different small millets verities. On average leaves extracts were more toxic to germination and growth of test crops as compared to barks extracts. Lower concentration of leaves and barks extracts stimulated the germination and radicle and plumule growth of the test crops as compared with the control. These results also indicated that radicle growth of test crops were more inhibited as compared to the plumule growth in all the text crops, irrespective of concentration. On an average, germination of all the small millets varieties resistance against the leaves and barks extracts. While seedling growth of Echinochloa frumentacea and Amaranthus caudatus showed some resistance and Triticum aestivum and Eleusine coracana were sensitive crops.