In this paper, we discuss major issues concerning cost of transmission transactions from an engineering point of view. We identify the components of the cost of a transmission transaction and present methodologies for evaluating them using simple examples.Recent trends in the electric power utility industry in North America and other countries have been toward increased unbundling of the services provided by the utilities. Electric power utilities need to know the actual cost of providing unbundled services in order to make correct economic decisions on the various types of services they should promote or curtail while considering their service obligations. Utilities also need to know such costs in order to make correct economic and engineering decisions on upgrading and expanding their generation, transmission and distribution facilities. Finally, utilities may use the costs of service that they provide for pricing purposes.As part of these trends, the emphasis on providing unbundled .transmission service has been increasing steadily. Therefore, the knowledge of the cost of providing transmission services has become more important than ever before. Yet evaluation of this cost is extremely complex.The United States Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) undertook the development of a white paper on transmission [l] in order to address some of the complexities surrounding transmission issues. The FERC paper deals with political and economic issues in detail but stops short of addressing most engineering issues. The paper also emphasizes the importance of knowing the cost of providing transmission services but does not propose ways of evaluating this cost.
WM 18h-2 PWRS by the IEEE Power System Engineering Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society for presentation at the IEEE/PES
A paper recommended and approvedMany papers from academia, industry and regulatory agencies have been published on the subject of transmission access, transmission rates and transmission costs [l-131. Some of these pa*rs deal mainly with policy issues [l-3.81. Most others address rate design for wheeling services [2.4-7,9-131. A
In this paper, we describe the basic formulation, voltage collapse and plan operations under such implementation and application of a computer model, conditions, PG&E has developed a computer called VCMARGIN, for determining the s teady-state model called VCMARGIN (Voltage Collapse Operating operating margin of a potver system based on voltage Margin Calculation Program). stability considerations. The determination of the operating margin is based on the evaluation of the The steady-state voltage stability margin at an operating proximity of the current operating point of a power point of a power system is determined by measuring its system to the voltage collapse point. This proximity is distance from the critical point (nose point) on the calculated by tracing the path of the current operating voltage vs. activelreactive power (V-P/Q) curve. The point a s one or more system parameters vary.critical point is traditionally estimated by running Parameters under consideration include bus and area standard power flow programs repeatedly at various loads, line impedances and real/reactive generations. load levels. As the loading in the system increases, the VCMARGIN uses a continuation technique for power power flow Jacobian becomes numerically illflow, optimal power flow and governor power flow to conditioned and the solution diverges. As a result, the perform the determination of the operating margin very exact knowledge of the critical point through efficiently. VCMARGIN is extensively used by IJG&E's conventional power flow analysis is not always possible. operations planners for developing short-term operating plans for secure an mal use of PG&E's generation The rising interest in voltage collapse has focused and transmission attention on the behavior of power systems at critical load levels. Several authors on this subject have tried to Keywords: Steady-State Voltage Stability Analysis, explain the problem in terms of the singularity Voltage Collapse, Continuation Methods. phenomenon of the power flow Jacobian, multiple load flow solutions and the static bifurcation theory [2]-[10].
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