We have demonstrated that the reproducibility of electron beam pulses generated by a high power, cold cathode glow discharge is greatly improved by adding a small continuous keep-alive discharge current. A current of the order of 200 A was found to limit the shot to shot current variation to within 1.5%. This stabilization in turn reduces by an order of magnitude the fluctuations of the energy density deposited on the target, demonstrating a reliable energy source for surface treatment.
The effect of granularity in powder X-ray diffraction is reviewed, and the shortcomings of previously developed models in explaining this effect are described. A new physical model encompassing all aspects of this phenomenon is proposed. Mathematical formulae based on the model are derived, and their limit cases are discussed. Values of the theoretical intensities from the model are compared with results from a specially designed experiment.
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