Abstract-1. In keeping with other reptiles, core temperature of the lizard Physignathus lesueurii responds more rapidly to a step function increase in temperature than to a corresponding decrease.2. Observations on twelve species (five families) of non-Chelonian reptiles heating and cooling in air and water show that strongly predictable relationships exist between thermal time constants and body size. Chelonia show a different pattern.3. These observations are compared with the predictions of a simple model which, although not sufficiently complex to simulate physiological changes, provides insight into the relative importance of the physical and biological factors which underlie the observed relationships.
Many positioning systems employed to track motor vehicles use location techniques that were not designed solely for this purpose (GPS, terrestrial radio signals). As such they fail to utilise the restriction of motor vehicles to the road network and thus a valuable source of position information is lost. Techniques exist that make use of map information to improve the position estimate of a motor vehicle but the techniques lack a mathematical framework. The authors have addressed this problem by developing a map-aided position estimation system whereby the raw position measurements are optimally translated so that they lie on the roads. The accuracy of the map-aided estimates is derived for an arbitrary positioning system with Gaussian measurement noise demonstrating significant improvements over the raw measurements. Further performance improvements are achieved through the use of a one-dimensional kalman filter developed to utilise the fact that all of the map-aided position estimates lie along known curves. The mathematical framework utilised by the map-aided estimator readily allows other sources of position information such as road type and road rules to be quantified and optimally incorporated into the estimation process.
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