Background and aims : The biceps brachii is a large fusiform muscle in the flexor compartment of the arm. In terms of the number and morphology of its head, the biceps brachii muscle is one of the most variable muscles in human body. The present study explores the importance of such variations. Materials and methods: The upper limbs of embalmed human cadavers (fixed in 10 % formaldehyde solution) were included in present study. Total 36 (72 upper limbs) cadavers were studied by dissection. Results: Among the 72 superior extremities studied, six (8.33%) arms were found to have a three- headed biceps brachii muscles. The variation was present in the left arm of four males and one female. The variation was present in the right arm of one male. Conclusion : Presence of third head of biceps brachii muscle might increase its kinematics. Supernumerary heads of biceps brachii muscle may become significant in pre-operative procedure and during surgery of upper limb.
To determine and analyse clinically significant changes in hepatic lobe morphology. An observational study was conducted over 42 adult human livers which were acquired during routine dissections conducted for the first MBBS students over a period of two years (2017-2019) at Dr. PSIMS & RF. Macroscopic thorough examination of the liver specimens was done through borders, surfaces and changes the in parenchymatous tissue was duly documented and photographed. The common finding was prevalence of accessory fissures(50%) followed by pons hepatis (19%) which was identified as bridging the fissure for ligamentum teres(9.5%) and encapsulating the inferior vena cava in 9.5% of liver specimens. Accessory lobes account for a total of 16.6%,with incidence of Riedel's lobe being 7.1%. Tongue like process of left lobe were encountered in 9.5% specimens. Unique finding in the present study was of a liver specimen which had multiple variations on visceral, anterior and superior surfaces. Present study comprised of multiple variations in hepatic lobe morphology, which are of great clinical significance and are interest for radiologists and gastroenterologist. Studies on liver morphology would expand the knowledge for surgical inventions and help in preventing diagnostic errors in imaging techniques.
Biomineralization is a process by which living organisms produce minerals, often to harden the existing tissues. Defect in biomineralization occurring in soft tissues is defined as ectopic calcification. Dystrophic calcification is one of the types of ectopic calcifications. This soft tissue mineralization may develop in a wide variety of unrelated disorders and degenerative processes. It can occur in all soft tissues but cardiovascular tissues are particularly prone to calcification. Calcification in an isolated muscle like the masseter is rare, its pre-operative diagnosis pose a challenge in view of differential diagnosis. Here, we report a 55-year-old male who presented with swelling over right middle third of the face. Meticulous examination and selection of suitable investigations have helped us to arrive at an appropriate diagnosis.
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