Plinio Sist 10,88 | Bonaventure Sonke 60 | J. Daniel Soto 21 | Cintia Rodrigues de Souza 24 | Juliana Stropp 89 | Martin J. P. Sullivan 35 | Ben Swanepoel 34 | Hans ter Steege 25,90 | John Terborgh 91,92 | Nicolas Texier 93 | Takeshi Toma 94 | Renato Valencia 95 | Luis Valenzuela 75 | Leandro Valle Ferreira 96 | Fernando Cornejo Valverde 97 | Tinde R. Van Andel 25 | Rodolfo Vasque 77 | Hans Verbeeck 61 | Pandi Vivek 22 | Abstract Aim:Large tropical trees form the interface between ground and airborne observations, offering a unique opportunity to capture forest properties remotely and to investigate their variations on broad scales. However, despite rapid development of metrics to characterize the forest canopy from remotely sensed data, a gap remains between aerial and field inventories. To close this gap, we propose a new pan-tropical model to predict plot-level forest structure properties and biomass from only the largest trees.Location: Pan-tropical.Time period: Early 21st century. Major taxa studied: Woody plants.Methods: Using a dataset of 867 plots distributed among 118 sites across the tropics, we tested the prediction of the quadratic mean diameter, basal area, Lorey's height, community wood density and aboveground biomass (AGB) from the ith largest trees. Results:Measuring the largest trees in tropical forests enables unbiased predictions of plot-and site-level forest structure. The 20 largest trees per hectare predicted quadratic mean diameter, basal area, Lorey's height, community wood density and AGB with 12, 16, 4, 4 and 17.7% of relative error, respectively. Most of the remaining error in biomass prediction is driven by differences in the proportion of total biomass held in medium-sized trees (50-70 cm diameter at breast height), which shows some continental dependency, with American tropical forests presenting the highest proportion of total biomass in these intermediate-diameter classes relative to other continents. Main conclusions:Our approach provides new information on tropical forest structure and can be used to generate accurate field estimates of tropical forest carbon stocks to support the calibration and validation of current and forthcoming space missions. It will reduce the cost of field inventories and contribute to scientific understanding of tropical forest ecosystems and response to climate change. K E Y W O R D Scarbon, climate change, forest structure, large trees, pan-tropical, REDD+, tropical forest ecology
When 2 Mha of Amazonian forests are disturbed by selective logging each year, more than 90 Tg of carbon (C) is emitted to the atmosphere. Emissions are then counterbalanced by forest regrowth. With an original modelling approach, calibrated on a network of 133 permanent forest plots (175 ha total) across Amazonia, we link regional differences in climate, soil and initial biomass with survivors’ and recruits’ C fluxes to provide Amazon-wide predictions of post-logging C recovery. We show that net aboveground C recovery over 10 years is higher in the Guiana Shield and in the west (21 ±3 Mg C ha-1) than in the south (12 ±3 Mg C ha-1) where environmental stress is high (low rainfall, high seasonality). We highlight the key role of survivors in the forest regrowth and elaborate a comprehensive map of post-disturbance C recovery potential in Amazonia.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.21394.001
Forest biomass is an essential indicator for monitoring the Earth’s ecosystems and climate. It is a critical input to greenhouse gas accounting, estimation of carbon losses and forest degradation, assessment of renewable energy potential, and for developing climate change mitigation policies such as REDD+, among others. Wall-to-wall mapping of aboveground biomass (AGB) is now possible with satellite remote sensing (RS). However, RS methods require extant, up-to-date, reliable, representative and comparable in situ data for calibration and validation. Here, we present the Forest Observation System (FOS) initiative, an international cooperation to establish and maintain a global in situ forest biomass database. AGB and canopy height estimates with their associated uncertainties are derived at a 0.25 ha scale from field measurements made in permanent research plots across the world’s forests. All plot estimates are geolocated and have a size that allows for direct comparison with many RS measurements. The FOS offers the potential to improve the accuracy of RS-based biomass products while developing new synergies between the RS and ground-based ecosystem research communities.
RESUMOForam avaliadas espécies florestais nativas e exóticas em duas condições de plantio: a pleno sol e em faixas de enriquecimento de capoeira, a fim de gerar tecnologias para incorporação ao processo produtivo de áreas alteradas na região amazônica para minimizar a pressão do desmatamento sobre a floresta natural. Os dados analisados (DAP, altura, volume por hectare e sobrevivência) referem-se à idade de seis anos. No plantio a pleno sol, a espécie que apresentou o melhor desempenho foi Ceiba pentandra, com médias de DAP de 19,6 cm, altura de 10,2 m e volume de 390,9 m 3 ha -1 . Hymenaea courbaril também apresentou crescimento satisfatório, com médias de 11,5 cm de DAP, 10,8 m de altura e 144,8 m 3 ha -1 de volume. Nos plantios de enriquecimento de capoeira, a Carapa guianensis foi a espécie que apresentou o melhor desempenho, com 8,3 cm de DAP, 6,4 m de altura e volume de 54,8 m 3 ha -1 . Acacia mangium e Sclerolobium paniculatum apresentaram crescimento superior, mas as taxas de sobrevivência foram muito baixas nas duas condições de plantio.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Floresta, biomassa, produção de madeira, rápido crescimento. Forest species behavior in plantations at full sun and secondary forest enrichment strips in the Amazon ABSTRACTThis work evaluated exotic and native forest species in two plantation conditions: full sun and secondary forest enrichment strips, for generating technologies into incorporate to the productive process of degraded lands in the Amazonian region, to minimize the deforestation pressure on the natural forest. The analyzed data (DBH, height, volume per hectare and survival) refers to six years old species. In the full sun plantation, the species that presented the best performance was Ceiba pentandra, with means: DBH of 19.6 cm, height of 10.2 m and volume of 390.9 m 3 ha -1 . Hymenaea courbaril also presented satisfactory growth, with means: DBH of 11.5 cm, height of 10.8 m and volume of 144.8 m 3 ha -1 . In the secondary forest enrichment plantation, Carapa guianensis was the species that presented the best performance, with means: DBH of 8.3 cm, height of 6.4 m and volume of 54.8 m 3 ha -1 . Acacia mangium and Sclerolobium paniculatum presented better growth. However, the survival rates were very low in both plantations.
RESUMO -O estudo fitossociológico levou em consideração duas áreas localizadas em Carajás e Marabá, na região sul do Pará. A amostragem abordou dois níveis: 1) Indivíduos com DAP ≥ 20cm em parcelas de 20m x 200m e, II) Indivíduos com 5cm ≤ DAP ≤ 20cm em duas sub-parcelas de 10m x 10m no início c final das parcelas. Todos os indivíduos do segundo nível foram considerados como regeneração natural do povoamento adulto. Em Carajás utilizou-se 35 (trinta e cinco) unidades amostrais (parcelas) e em Marabá 22 (vinte c duas). Do ponto de vista de composição florística, as áreas estudadas apresentaram-se heterogêneas, com índices de Shanon-Weaver estimados em 3,66 e 3,71, respectivamente, para Carajás e Marabá. A equação hipsométrica comum que melhor ajustou Marabá. Também INTRODUÇÃOA floresta amazônica é composta de um conjunto de ecossistemas complexos, heterogêneos e frágeis, sobre solos pobres em nutrientes e ácidos. Por esta razão, as atividades de manejo nessa região têm que ser respaldadas no conhecimento dos seus ecossistemas.A análise da estrutura florestal ainda é a técnica mais utilizada para se fazer deduções sobre a origem, características ecológicas e sinecológicas, dinâmica e tendência sobre seu futuro desenvolvi mento. A posse destas informações permite a definição acerca da técnica de
Este estudo foi conduzido com dados do Projeto Bom Manejo (Embrapa/CIFOR/ITTO) – Manejo sustentável de florestas de produção em escala comercial na Amazônia brasileira, desenvolvido pela Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, em área da Companhia Florestal Monte Dourado (Jari), município de Vitória do Jari, Estado do Amapá. O delineamento é em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Apresenta-se uma avaliação da dinâmica da vegetação com dap ³ 20 cm, submetida a três intensidades de exploração (corte de 15%, 25% e 35% do volume total das árvores com mais de 60 cm de dap), combinadas com quatro níveis de redução de área basal (0%, 30%, 50% e 70% da área basal original) por anelamento. Na área experimental, estão locadas 40 parcelas permanentes de 1 ha (36 exploradas e 4 não-exploradas). O povoamento foi medido em 1984, explorado em 1985 e remedido em 1986, 1988, 1990, 1994, 1996 e 2004. Concluiu-se que a exploração de impacto reduzido foi boa para a floresta, mas não, necessariamente, estimulou o crescimento, e deve levar a ciclos de corte maiores do que os recomendados trinta anos.
RESUMOEste trabalho analisou dados de três inventários florestais realizados na área da Floresta Experimental, pertencente à Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental e localizada no km 54 da BR-174, em Manaus/AM. O objetivo foi estudar a dinâmica da floresta -taxas de incremento, recrutamento e mortalidade -além do estoque de carbono, em uma área de floresta primária, sem qualquer tipo de intervenção. Dynamics and carbon storage in primary forest in the region of Manaus / AM ABSTRACTThis study analyzed data from three forest inventories conducted in the Experimental Forest, which belongs to Embrapa Western Amazon basin and is located at km 54 on BR-174, Manaus / AM. The aim was to study forest dynamics -the rates of recruitment, growth and mortality -in addition to carbon storage in an area of primary forest, without any intervention. The surveys were conducted in the years 2005, 2007 and 2010 in 15 permanent plots of 1 hectare each. There, all trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) above 10 cm were measured. We calculated the rates of recruitment and mortality, the periodic annual increments (PAIs) in terms of DBH, basal area and volume, fresh and dry biomass above the soil and total carbon storage in the vegetation. The recruitment rates were 2.0 percent and 1.8 percent, and mortality were 0.
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