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Parts of the Nigerian Niger Delta which also accommodates huge number of oil facilities has swamps in some parts with non-turbulent water bodies. These water bodies are negatively impacted from oil pollution but lack the capacities to self-clean like high flowing waters. The calm nature of these swamps result in higher than normal retention, partitioning and diffusion of hydrocarbon components. This study investigated aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations at different depths for a period of ten months by simulating an oil spill site (8m by 5m and 1.5m deep) typical of a non-turbulent mangrove swamp with suspended sediments and vegetation polluted with 60 litres of crude oil. Impacted water samples were collected at depths of 0.25m, 0.5m, 0.75m and 1.0m. They were filtered and the petroleum aliphatic and aromatic contents analyzed using a GC-FID. The results obtained showed that petroleum hydrocarbons can dissolve and diffuse to different depths at concentrations above safe limits, thus posing great danger to aquatic life and its entire value chain.

ABSTRACT T T T The modelling of he modelling of he modelling of he modelling of batch batch batch batch production production production production of of of of citric acid from corn starch hydrolysate using Aspergillus niger ATCC 9142 citric acid from corn starch hydrolysate using Aspergillus niger ATCC 9142 citric acid from corn starch hydrolysate using Aspergillus niger ATCC 9142 citric acid from corn starch hydrolysate using Aspergillus niger ATCC 9142 was carried out was carried out was carried out was carried out in this work in this work in this work in this work. The annual production rate of citric acid stands at about 1.4 to 1.5 million tons and its demand estimated to be growing at a rate of about 3.5 to 4.0% annually [3]. Satisfying this demand through chemical or synthetic production of citric acid has been demonstrated to be unsustainable [4, large proportion of the world's demand for citric acid is satisfied through biotechnological means submerged fermentation of sugar containing substrates appears to be the most economical way of producing citric acid by Aspergillus niger In trying to study and understand the dynamic behaviour of a process, it is important to formulate dynamic models of such processes. These models upon calibration and validation will provide insights Results of simulating respectively. Results of simulating respectively. Results of simulating respectively. Results of simulating the production of citric acid wa the production of citric acid wa the production of citric acid wa the production of citric acid was a growth associated process. Optimum pH, initial sugar s a growth associated process. Optimum pH, initial sugar s a growth associated process. Optimum pH, initial sugar s a growth associated process. Optimum pH, initial sugar concentration and temperature for citric acid production concentration and temperature for citric acid production concentration and temperature for citric acid production concentration and temperature for citric acid production o o o obtained btained btained btained we we we were re re re5. is present in essentially all plants and in . It is a constituent of and it is abundant in most citrus fruits such as oranges, tangerines, lemon, berries, lime a metabolic product formed in the citric citric acid stands at and its demand is estimated to be growing at a rate of about 3.5 to 4.0% Satisfying this demand through chemical or synthetic production of citric acid has been ble [4,5]. Hence, a large proportion of the world's demand for citric acid through biotechnological means. Presently, submerged fermentation of sugar containing substrates appears to be the most economical way of rgillus niger [6,7].In trying to study and understand the dynamic behaviour of a process, it is important to formulate dynamic models of such processes. These models upon calibration and validation will provide insights as to how the process functions, changes in operating procedure and how amenable it is to control [8,9].The usefulness of a dynamic mathe...

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Nigeria imports large quantities of activated carbon annually for local use. In this study the development of low cost and effective adsorbent from the palm kernel shell for the treatment of waste water is examined.Palm kernel shells were used to produce activated carbon by carbonization at different temperatures (500 -10000C) and by chemical activation using 1M citric acid and saturated ammonium chloride as activated agents. The optimum temperature of carbonisation was found to be 950oC, the activated carbons produced were characterized. The measured characteristics: yield, pH, bulk density, surface area, porosity, resistance to mechanical abrasion and total surface charge of the activated carbon prepared from palm kernel shell were 18.6%, 7.8, 0.636g/ml, 112.09mgl2/gC, 19.23%, 2.36molH+/gC respectively, for citric acid activated carbon . For ammonium chloride activated carbon they were determined to be 17.50%, 8.55, 0.716g/ml, 109.69mgl2/gC, 19.76% and 2.06, 2.36molH+/gC respectively. The experimental results showed the possibility for the production of activated carbon with well developed pore structure, surface, and bulk density high mechanical abrasion and reasonable total surface charge.