Declining yields of local taro cultivars, worsened in recent years by outbreak of taro leaf blight (TLB), necessitate the development of varieties that combine TLB resistance with high yield and quality. The objective of the experiment was to obtain viable true taro seeds (TTS), the lack of which has hindered local breeding effort to improve taro. Fifteen exotic cultivars of taro, obtained from International Network on Edible Aroids (INEA) as part of an EU-funded project on "Adapting Clonally Propagated Crops to Climatic and Commercial Change," and four local cultivars constituted the crossing block at Umudike (5 • 24 to 5 • 30 N; 7 • 31 to 7 • 37 E) in south eastern Nigeria in 2013. One hundred and nine crosses were made, of which 18.3% were successful, but only infructescence from nine crosses developed to maturity and produced seeds. Germination of these TTS started on the 7th day after sowing. Seedlings that developed from these seeds were transplanted into small bags filled with sterilized peat mixed with vermiculite. Each plant is expected to be genetically different from all others and could be a potentially improved cultivar. This is the first report of successful hybridization, production of TTS, and development of seedlings from true seed of taro in Nigeria.
Taro is a valuable staple food crop among resource-poor rural people in countries such as Nigeria and Ghana, among others. Characterization of genetic diversity is a prerequisite for proper management of breeding programs and conservation of genetic resources. Two hundred seventy one taro accessions obtained from Nigeria and Vanuatu were genotyped using DArTseq-based SNP markers with the objectives of investigating the genetic diversity and population structure. In the analysis, 10,391 SNP markers were filtered from the sequence and used. The analysis revealed higher transition than transversion types of SNPs in the ratio of 1.43:1. The polymorphism ranged from 0.26 to 0.29 for the markers, indicating moderate genetic diversity. A model-based Bayesian clustering analysis of taro accessions yielded five subgroups and revealed the admixture situation in 19.19% of all accessions in the study. Vanuatu taro accessions exhibited more genetic diversity than Nigerian taro accessions. The population diversity estimate (PhiPt) was relatively higher (0.52) for accessions originating from Vanuatu than for Nigerian accessions. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that most variation existed among individuals within a population at 52%. Nei’s genetic distance showed that relatedness is based on geographical proximity. Collection of taro genetic resources should give more emphasis to within regions to utilize diversity in taro breeding program. This study also demonstrated the efficiency of DArTseq-based SNP genotyping for large-scale genome analysis in taro. The genotypic markers provided in this study are useful for association mapping studies.
Taro is primarily grown for the corm, which is a staple food for millions of people. It is an annual herbaceous plant that belongs to the oxalate-rich food group. Oxalate is a naturally occurring plant metabolite that is present in all plant-derived human diets. The accumulation of oxalate by crops and pasture plants has a negative impact on the nutritional quality of foods and feeds. Oxalate is a poisonous organic acid that has a significant impact on the eating quality. Acridity causes swelling of the mouth and throat. Oxalate-rich foods also reduce calcium bioavailability and increase the risk of kidney stones. About 75% of all kidney stones are made up primarily of calcium oxalate. Chronic kidney disease affects 10% of the global population, and over two million people currently receive dialysis or a kidney transplant. Oxalates in food can be reduced through physical processes, chemical treatments, and genetic improvements. Cooking root crops may improve digestibility, palatability, storage quality, and safety. Boiling significantly reduced the amount of anti-nutritional factors, resulting in higher food quality. Eating high-calcium foods and adding calcium to cooking are two other ways to reduce oxalates in the diet. Calcium salts are widely accepted and used as acidity regulators, firming agents, and stabilizers in processed foods. Taro corms' total soluble oxalate content also decreased during storage. Explicitly, genetic advancements can aid in the development of long-term solutions. The purpose of this paper was to investigate acridity, its health and economic consequences, and potential food-acridity-reduction mechanisms. This educates users about the dangers of oxalate and aids in the development of mitigation strategies.
The present study was aimed to determine the variations in nutritional qualities of 15 mutant lines and two landraces of ginger (Zingiber officinale). Fifteen (15) gamma (γ)-ray induced mutants lines and two landraces of ginger were planted in 2017 early cropping season in the Teaching and Research Farm, Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria. To evaluate the nutritional qualities of these seventeen ginger genotypes at maturity, proximate analysis was carried out in the Biochemistry Laboratory of the National Root Crop Research Institute Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria. Using standard and official protocols of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Results showed that the ginger lines varied significantly (P < 0.01) in all their proximate attributes. The moisture content ranged from 10.13% (UG1) to 12.95% (UG2). Mean dry matter was 88.89%; UG1 and UG2 had the highest (89.89%) and lowest (87.05%) dry matter content, respectively. Mean crude protein was 7.74%; UG2-9-01 and UG2-11-03 had the highest (8.25%) and lowest (7.29%) crude protein respectively. UG1-5-38 and UG1-5-22 had the highest (8.12%) and lowest (6.41%) crude fibre content respectively. The oleoresin content ranged from (6.25%) in UG2-9-01 to (9.09%) in UG1-11-07. UG1-5-04 and UG1-5-22 had the highest (2.88%) and lowest (2.22%) ash content respectively. UG2-9-01 had the highest carbohydrate content of (65.10%). While UG1-5-52 had the lowest (61.27%) The result showed that the ginger lines used in this study had high mean carbohydrate (62.85%) and protein (7.74%) contents as such can be used as supplementary sources of these nutrients for human and livestock. UG1-7-24, UG1-11-07 and UG1-5-18 with high oleoresin contents of 9.11%, 9.09% and 9.05% respectively are recommended to ginger breeders as useful genotypes for improving other ginger lines through micropropagation techniques especially when breeding for oleoresin quality, which is an important quality of ginger. In conclusion, further evaluation and testing of these ginger lines is recommended.
Background: This study compared the proximate, mineral and anti-nutritional composition of selected accessions of African yam bean. The objective was to assess the potential of these accessions to contribute to food and nutrition security critical to the survival of many rural communities currently ravaged by hunger and malnutrition in Africa. Methods: Eight (8) accessions of African yam bean were used for this study. Seeds of each accession were processed and chemically analyzed using AOAC standard methods. The samples were replicated three times and F-LSD were used to separate significant means. Result: Results obtained showed that there were significant variations in the proximate, mineral and anti-nutritional composition of the accessions. Accession TSs 519 had the highest crude protein composition (22.53%), dry matter (91.14%), carbohydrate content (22.53%), sodium (80.46 mg/100 g) and the lowest moisture content 8.86%. The ash content was highest in accession TSs 568 (5.26%). Accession TSs 535 had the highest content of phytate (3.74%), oxalate (1.73%), HCN (1.72%) and tannins (1.44%). Magnesium and potassium were highest in accessions TSs 595 (90.26 mg/100 g) and TSs 568 (280.51 mg/100 g) respectively. The high protein and carbohydrate contents of African yam bean could supplement traditional dishes consumed by both children and adults in order to alleviate protein-energy malnutrition in the developing countries especially in Africa, where this legume is indigenous.
Background Taro has a long history of being consumed and remains orphan and on the hand Nigeria farmers. The role of farmer-driven artificial selection is not negligible to fit landraces to a particular ecological condition. Limited study has been conducted on genome-wide association and no study has been conducted on genome-environment association for clinal adaptation for taro. Therefore, the objective of this study was to detect loci that are associated with environmental variables and phenotype traits and forward input to breeders. The study used 92 geographical referred taro landraces collected from Southeast (SE) Nigeria. Results The result indicates that SE Nigerian taro has untapped phenotype and genetic variability with low admixture. Redundancy analysis indicated that collinear explained SNP variation more than single climatic variable. Overall, the results indicated that no single method exclusively was able to capture population confounding effects better than the others for all six traits. Nevertheless, based on overall model performance, Blink seemed to provide slight advantage over other models and was selected for all subsequent assessment of genome-environment association (GEA) and genome-wide association study (GWAS) models. Genome scan and GEA identified local adapted loci and co-located genes. A total of nine SNP markers associated with environmental variables. Some of the SNP markers (such as S_101024366) co-located with genes which previously reported for climatic adaptation such as astringency, diaminopimelate decarboxylase and MYB transcription factor. Genome-wide association also identified 45, 40 and 34 significant SNP markers associated with studied traits in combined, year 1 and year 2 data sets, respectively. Out of these, five SNP markers (S1_18891752 S3_100795476, S1_100584471 S1_100896936 and S2_10058799) were consistent in two different data sets. Conclusions The findings from this study improve our understanding of the genetic control of adaptive and phenotypic traits in Nigerian taro. However, the study suggests further study on identification of local adaptive loci and GWAS through collection of more landraces throughout the country, and across different agro-ecologies.
Nineteen late-blight resistant B3C1 potato genotypes received from the International Potato Center (CIP) and two local checks were planted in an exhibition trial conducted in three potato-growing locations on the Jos Plateau of Nigeria in the 2007 rainy season. The field trials were situated in Bokkos, Kerang and Kuru as part of the accelerated variety selection scheme being promoted by CIP to speed up the release of new varieties and increase adoption rate. The objectives were to identify and select together with the farmers, high yielding and late-blight resistant genotypes and by so doing, popularize these genotypes in advance of their release. Eight B3C1 potato genotypes (P<0.05) performed better than the local check at Kuru, while three gave higher yields than the local check at Kerang. In Bokkos, none of the B3C1 genotypes yielded greater than the local checks. Clones 392617.54, 393073.179 and 396026.103 gave tuber yields that were (P<0.05) greater than the local checks in Kuru and Kerang with yields of 23.63, 25.24 and 19.79t/ha, respectively. Based on overall performance, ten of the B3C1 genotypes were selected for further evaluation. Farmers preferred genotypes with large tuber size, fewer tubers and high yield. Few of them (3% and 6%) considered tuber colour and tuber shape, respectively, as important characteristics when selecting a potato variety.
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