Apneic patterns in breathing can be classically conditioned in rats by brief neonatal exposures to hypoxia, noise, and petting during sleep (A. J. Thomas, W. Austin, L. Friedman, and K. P. Strohl, J. Appl. Physiol. 73: 1530-1536, 1992); thus animals may acquire apneic patterns by exposure to not only respiratory but also nonrespiratory stimuli. We hypothesized that conditioned apneas in these animals can be reduced or abolished by presentation of counterconditioning stimuli, which would prevent the respiratory controller from being influenced by nonrespiratory stimuli and affecting breathing rhythmicity. In five female rats conditioned during neonatal life to exhibit apneic breathing during adulthood and in five female unconditioned control rats, the effect of a brief quiet repetitive auditory stimulus (white noise, 50 Hz, 30 dB) presented for periods of 20 min on and 20 min off was assessed. In conditioned apneic rats, white noise reduced the frequencies of apneas by approximately 79% (P < 0.01) but did not alter the number of apneas in unconditioned control rats. In either group, white noise had no effect on the number of apneas preceded by a sigh. In a second experiment, the effect of Equithesin anesthetic was examined in five female conditioned apneic rats. In contrast to the white noise effect, not only apneic breathing but also apneas preceded by a sign were completely abolished by anesthesia (P < 0.0001). These findings suggest a role for counterconditioning and cortical influences on respiratory rhythm in the adult mammal.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.