Puccinia triticina, Puccinia graminis and Puccinia striiformis cause leaf, stem and yellow rust, respectively. Wheat rusts can cause losses as high as 70%. The rusts ability to evolve fungicide resistance has resulted in the use of resistant cultivars as the primary method of control. Breeding resistant cultivars is a long process and requires an accurate picture of the current and future pathogen population. Differentiation of wheat rust pathotypes using conventional plant pathology techniques is time consuming, labour intensive and requires the services of a highly skilled and experienced plant pathologist. Modern molecular biology techniques have the potential to aid the conventional techniques and provide fast, accurate same-day results. Microsatellite markers were used to differentiate P. triticina and P. striiformis pathotypes. Amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) were used to differentiate stem rust P. graminis pathotypes. Phylogenetic trees were created for leaf and stem rust pathotypes. Field isolates of leaf, stem and yellow rust were collected from eleven sites across the Western Cape Province. Microsatellite markers were used to type leaf and yellow rust isolates. AFLP markers could not be used on field isolates due to the presence of plant DNA. Novel alleles found in the Leaf and yellow rusts isolates prevented the assigning of a specific pathotype to each isolate. UVPrt10 (25.2%) and UVPrt9 (21.5%) were the most prevalent leaf rust pathotypes. Only 6E16A+ was identified in the yellow rust isolates. Pathotype incidence was similar to previous studies. The prevalence of multiple pathotypes with a variety of virulence genes in the rust population shows that breeding lines with single major resistance genes will not be effective and breeding programmes should concentrate on lines that exhibit quantitative resistance.
Fifteen cultivars of sweet stemmed sorghum were evaluated for green stalk, juice and grain yield in addition to ratooning ability. The characters in the first crop, eleven characters in the ratoon crop and the total yield over two cuts were studied. The cultivar HES 4 showed significant and highest extractable juice yield of 13327 1 per ha from our of 35.5 t/ha of millable greenstalk and 721 kg/ha of jaggery was obtained in addition to 2369 kg/ha of grain yield in the first crop. In ratoon crop. the cultivar SSV 714 showed significant per se performance for green stalk (32.9 t/ha), juice (4338 /ha), jaggery (262 kg/ha) and grain yield (987 kg/ha). Based on the total yield over two cuts, HES 4, SSV 714 and IS 6962 appeared promising in respect of green stalk, juice, jaggery and grain yield and also showed ratooning ability.
Fifteen cultivars of sweet stemmed sorghum were evaluated for green stalk, juice and grain yield in addition to ratooning ability. The characters in the first crop, eleven characters in the ratoon crop and the total yield over two cuts were studied. The cultivar HES 4 showed significant and highest extractable juice yield of 13327 I per ha from our of 35.5 t/ha of millable greenstalk and 721 kg/ha of jaggery was obtained in addition to 2369 kg/ha of grain yield in the first crop. In ratoon crop. the cultivar SSV 714 showed significant per se performance for green stalk (32.9 t/ha), juice (4338 Uha), jaggery (262 kg/ha) and grain yield (987 kg/ha). Based on the total yield over two cuts, HES 4, SSV 714 and IS 6962 appeared promising in respect of green stalk, juice, jaggery and grain yield and also showed ratooning ability.
Bacteriological quality of four vegetables: waterleaf (W), pumpkin (P), cucumber (C) and tomatoes (T) cultivated in soils treated with poultry manure and the manure-treated soil samples (S1, S2, S3 and S4) were assessed using standard microbiological methods. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella spp., Bacillus spp, Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp were recovered from the soil and vegetable samples. The total bacterial count of the soil samples ranged from 1.75×10 9 (S3) to 5.9×10 4 cfu/ml (S4) while the total bacterial count for the vegetable samples ranged from 2.65×10 9 (P) to 1.50×10 5 cfu/ml (W). The total coliform count of the soil samples ranged from 1.65×10 7 (S3) to 6.9×10 4 cfu/ml (S4) while that of the vegetable samples ranged from 1.20×10 8 (P) to 7.2×10 5 cfu/ml (W). S1 was significantly different from S2 and S4 for the total bacteria count for the soil samples while P and W were significantly different for the vegetable samples (P< 0.05). For Salmonella-Shigella plate counts, S1 and S4 were significantly different and S2 and S3 were same (P< 0.05); while for the vegetable samples, P, W, C and T were significantly different (P< 0.05). S1, S2, S3, and S4 were significantly different for the total coliform count for the soil samples and same for P, W and C (P<0.05). Sensitivity screening for the isolates showed that Bacillus spp was most sensitive to Ofloxacin (25mm) while Staphylococcus aureus was most sensitive to Ofloxacin (22mm). Shigella was most sensitive to Ciprofloxacin (25mm) while E. coli showed highest sensitivity to Ciproflacin (25mm) and Ofloxacin (25mm). In addition, Klebsiella spp was most sensitive to Ciprofloxacin (23mm) and Ofloxacin (23mm) and Salmonella showed resistance to all the antibiotics. This study demonstrated that there is a high level of microbial contamination associated with the cultivation of vegetables in soils in which organic manure has been applied to which is of risk to the consumers.
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