Aims. This paper aims to look at the propagation of synthetic photospheric oscillations from a point source into a two-dimensional non-magnetic solar atmosphere. It takes a particular interest in the leakage of 5-min global oscillations into the atmosphere, and aims to complement efforts on the driving of chromospheric dynamics (e.g. spicules and waves) by 5-min oscillations. Methods. A model solar atmosphere is constructed based on realistic temperature and gravitational stratification. The response of this atmosphere to a wide range of adiabatic periodic velocity drivers is numerically investigated in the hydrodynamic approximation. Results. The findings of this modelling are threefold. Firstly, high-frequency waves are shown to propagate from the lower atmosphere across the transition region experiencing relatively low reflection and transmitting energy into the corona. Secondly, it is demonstrated that driving the upper solar photosphere with a harmonic piston driver at around the 5 min period may generate three separate standing modes with similar periods in the chromosphere and transition region. In the cavity formed by the chromosphere and bounded by regions of low cut-off period at the photospheric temperature minimum and the transition region this is caused by reflection, while at either end of this region in the lower chromosphere and transition region the standing modes are caused by resonant excitation. Finally, the transition region becomes a guide for horizontally propagating surface waves for a wide range of driver periods, and in particular at those periods which support chromospheric standing waves. Crucially, these findings are the results of a combination of a chromospheric cavity and resonant excitation in the lower atmosphere and transition region.

Solar p modes are one of the dominant types of coherent signals in Doppler velocity in the solar photosphere, with periods showing a power peak at five minutes. The propagation (or leakage) of these p-mode signals into the higher solar atmosphere is one of the key drivers of oscillatory motions in the higher solar chromosphere and corona. This paper examines numerically the direct propagation of acoustic waves driven harmonically at the photosphere, into the nonmagnetic solar atmosphere. Erdélyi et al. (Astron. Astrophys. 467, 1299, 2007 investigated the acoustic response to a single point-source driver. In the follow-up work here we generalise this previous study to more structured, coherent, photospheric drivers mimicking solar global oscillations. When our atmosphere is driven with a pair of point drivers separated in space, reflection at the transition region causes cavity oscillations in the lower chromosphere, and amplification and cavity resonance of waves at the transition region generate strong surface oscillations. When driven with a widely horizontally coherent velocity signal, cavity modes are caused in the chromosphere, surface waves occur at the transition region, and fine structures are generated extending from a dynamic transition region into the lower corona, even in the absence of a magnetic field.

This paper examines the way that transition region surface waves, generated in 2-D numerical simulations of the nonmagnetic solar atmosphere when various synthetic photospheric drivers are applied, drive the granulation of the transition region/lower coronal region into convection cells. It is shown that these cells are generated by both synthetic point drivers and synthetic horizontally coherent p-mode drivers. These cells cause the conversion of driven signals in vertical velocity into coronal signals predominantly in horizontal velocity, which if carried over to a case with a magnetic field included could cause mode conversion.

The leakage and coupling of solar global oscillations to the overlaying magnetized solar atmosphere is investigated in this paper. Solar global acoustic oscillations may couple through resonant absorption to atmospheric local magnetic eigenoscillations (i) resulting in small shifts of the order of µHz in the real part of their frequencies as compared to their non-magnetic counterparts, and (ii) causing dissipation of wave energy and a consequent line broadening of the modes. Alternatively, global modes may also penetrate deeply into the magnetized solar atmosphere through leakage along magnetic field lines causing small-scale structuring in the transition region and low corona. By analyzing the dynamic fragmentation generated by direct wave propagations, one may deduce diagnostic information about the geometric and physical properties of the local magnetic environment in the atmosphere. A few numerical examples are presented here to demonstrate the leakage of global oscillations and its influence and omnipotence on the dynamics of the lower solar atmosphere.