R ésum é. D es ressem blances chétotaxiques rapprochent D eropristis sp. (Acanthocolpidae) Lepocreadium album (Lepocreadiidae) C ainocreadium labracis (O pecoelidae) et D iphterostom um brusinae (Zoogonidae) que nous décrivons. L es m êm es traits se retrouvent chez onze autres cercaires précédem m ent décrites, c'est-àdire chez Allocreadium ictaluri décrite par Seitner en 1951, chez huit cercaires d' Allocreadiidae, O pecoelidae et Zoogonidae décrites par J. Richard en 1971, chez C ercaria m icrura décrite par M. Lam bert en 1972 et chez C ercaria doricha pigm entata (cercaire rhodom étope) décrite par C h. B ayssade-D ufour en 1973. La com paraison de ces quinze cercaires perm et donc de les attribuer à une m êm e superfam ille : les Allocreadioidea et de définir les caractères chétotaxiques de cette super fam ille ; ce sont CID = une papille ; AID m édiodorsal = 0 ou 1 papille ; S = 3 ou 4 cycles ; CIIO présent ; et chez les cercaires m odèles, U = 6 ou plus de 6 papilles, réparties selon 4 axes chez les Allocreadiidae, Acanthocolpidae et les cercaires rhodom étopes, selon 2 axes chez les Lepocreadiidae et en cercle sur le m oignon caudal chez les O pecoelidae. A ces traits com m uns se superposent des traits différentiels ; quelques fam illes ont une chétotaxie de type prim itif à sym étrie dorso-ventrale très nette, d' autres ont une chétotaxie de type évolué sans sym étrie dorso-ventrale. La corrélation qui existe entre le type de chétotaxie (prim itif ou évolué), le m ode de form ation des cercaires (dans des sporocystes ou dans des rédies) et l'existence ou l'absence, parm i les caractères allocreadioides, d' un petit reliquat de caractères chétotaxiques plagiorchioides, perm et de form uler une hypothèse sur l'origine et l'évolution des Allocreadioidea. C eux dont la chétotaxie est de type prim itif présentent un reliquat de caractères plagior chioides (S = 2 cycles par exem ple) et naissent dans des sporocystes ; ils seraient peu éloignés du branchem ent plagiorchioide-allocreadioide : ce sont les Zoogonidae et les cer caires rhodom étopes.
Background HER2+ status is associated with poor prognosis and a high incidence of brain metastases (BM) in breast cancer (BC). Addition of HER2−targeted therapies to conventional chemotherapy has significantly improved survival in HER2+ patients (pts). Management of BM implies a multidisciplinary therapeutic approach involving medical oncology, radiation oncology and neurosurgery teams. Nevertheless available data evaluating health resources use and associated costs are limited. Our objective was to describe treatment patterns and healthcare costs associated with HER2+ BMBC patients.
Patients and methods An observational retrospective study was conducted on 207 HER2+ BC pts, newly diagnosed with BM as first site of relapse or as secondary metastases between January 2006 and December 2008. Pts were recruited in 10 hospitals, all funded by a prospective payment system based on Diagnosis Related Groups (DRG). Individual data concerning initial diagnosis, distant and BM relapses, treatments, complications and hospitalization stays were collected during a 2 year — follow-up. DRGs 2007 official tariffs (per-case payment basis) and 2007 expensive innovative drugs tariffs (drugs paid to hospitals by Health Insurance in addition to per-case payments) were used to estimate direct medical costs from the Health Insurance perspective. Survival was estimated using Kaplan Meier method. In the presence of cost-censored data, a partitioned estimator was used to adjust censoring costs (Bang and Tsiatis, Biometrics, 2002).
Results 91.8% (190/207) of BMBC pts received radiation therapy, 84.5% (175/207) received chemotherapy including HER2 targeted treatments and 12.6% (26/207) were treated by neurosurgery. 72.5% (150/207) of pts were hospitalized at least once during the follow-up period. Pts had on average 2.90 hospital stays (range 1–8). The median duration of stay was 9 days (1-221). Complications leading to re-hospitalization were recorded in 45.9% (95/207) of pts. The median overall survival from the diagnosis of BM was 13 m. Hospital healthcare costs were concentrated on the 6 first months following BM diagnosis. Mean cost of BMBC management was 18,480€/patient within the 6 first months and decreased to 16,306€ from 7–12 months, 15,844€ from 13–18 months, and 15,225€ from 19–24 months. The proportion of costs attributed to inpatient hospitalizations stay (treatments and complications) was similar to the one attributed to drugs whatever the period of follow-up. Pts with BM as first site of relapse consumed more healthcare resources compared to pts with secondary BM (38,813€/pt vs 32,253€/pt after one year of follow-up, respectively).
Conclusions Healthcare resources spending is mainly concentrated at the beginning of metastatic disease management, especially for patients with BM as first site of relapse. These results illustrate the use of expensive treatments in the first months following BM diagnosis. Individual data derived from this observational study allowed us to gather more specifically treatment patterns for HER2+ BMBC in order to estimate the costs more accurately.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-10-02.
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