Various processes that have been successfully developed for wastewater treatment (treatment of industrial wastes/ effluents) have been surveyed with special reference to biological treatment including design of bioreactors. Limitations of each process, design and performance characteristics of different kinds of bioreactors developed starting from stirred tanks to packed bed, fluidized bed, moving bed, semifluidized bed, inverse fluidized bed, sludge bed/sludge blanket and downflow stationary fixed film bioreactors have been highlighted. Utilization of membrane-based technology and liquid phase oxygen technology in wastewater treatment has also been analyzed. Both aerobic and anaerobic processes have been considered and possibilities of clubbing waste treatment with waste utilization (production of valuable products from waste streams) have also been surveyed and scrutinized.
This paper presents the technology and cost effectiveness of production of phosphate rich biofertiliser (called PROM) by bioconversion of phosphate rock ore into soluble phosphates (that are directly assimilable by plants) in presence of an organic manure such as Vermicompost or anaerobic digestor sludge (discharged from biogas manufacturing units) and using a microbial culture of Bacillus megatherium var phosphaticum. PROM has been found to be an excellent, less expensive, substitute to synthetic phosphatic fertilisers such as SSP, MAP and DAP. This is based on real-life field trials. It is also possible to integrate the production of PROM, with biogas generation and the layout of such a more profitable, integrated scheme is also presented in this paper.
Transport phenomena in diverging-converging geometries have created a lot of interest recently. The present paper highlights the specific advantages of diverging-converging geometries in the augmentation of heat transfer at the expense of a negligible increase in the pressure drop penalty.The work is confined to Newtonian, incompressible, and steady-state flow through the annular space between a diverging-converging tube and an outer straight column and also to heat transfer at constant wall temperature. The work also highlights the dependence of heat-transfer augmentation on the design parameters such as the angle of constriction and segment length.
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