The economic impact of anthelmintic resistance was investigated in lambs by comparing productivity parameters in groups of animals treated either with a highly effective anthelmintic, or an anthelmintic to which three species of resistant worms were known to be present. Ten farmlets, each stocked with 30 lambs, were rotationally grazed for 5 months, with monthly treatments of either albendazole, to which resistance existed, or a new combination product containing derquantel and abamectin (DQL-ABA) to which there was no resistance. Stock on five farmlets were treated with each anthelmintic and productivity measures, including liveweights, body condition and faecal soiling were assessed throughout. In addition, fleece weights and information on carcass weight and quality was collected at the end of the trial. Anthelmintic efficacy was measured at the last two treatment dates by faecal egg count reduction test with larval cultures. Albendazole demonstrated efficacies of 48.4% and 40.9% for Trichostrongylus spp. and Teladorsagia circumcincta respectively. By contrast, the DQL-ABA treatments were >99% effective against all genera. The difference in live-weight gain was 9 kg in favour of the DQL-ABA treatments. This translated into a 4.7 kg increase in carcass weight with a 10.4% increase in carcass value. Significant differences in body condition scores, faecal breech soiling and fleece weights were also recorded, all in favour of the DQL-ABA treatments. The time required for 50% of the animals to reach a target live-weight of 38 kg was significantly shorter (by 17 days) in those animals treated with DQL-ABA. The results show that the production cost of subclinical parasitism as a result of using an anthelmintic product which is less than fully effective due to resistance can greatly exceed the cost of routine testing of anthelmintic efficacy and the adoption of new anthelmintic classes. There is a strong case for many farmers to re-evaluate their position on some of these issues in order to optimise financial performance.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

The results demonstrate that creating a reservoir of unselected parasites slows the development of anthelmintic resistance, and emphasises the risk of treating all animals prior to a shift on to low-contamination pasture. However, higher levels of pasture contamination, resulting from untreated animals, indicate the difficulty in managing both worm control and resistance.

No abstract

Drenching strategies for lambs designed to slow the development of anthelmintic resistance, by increasing the pool of susceptible worms available to dilute resistant survivors after treatment, resulted in increased numbers of H. contortus and T. colubriformis but not other species of parasite on pasture. The increased parasite challenge to lambs in the autumn was associated with small production losses, which may be acceptable to farmers wishing to implement such strategies. It is clear that further work is required on the interaction between management practices and the population dynamics of parasites, especially with regard to creating pools of susceptible genotypes to slow the development of drench resistance.

Ten cadaveric shoulders (mean donor age, 60.5 years) underwent arthroscopic placement of capsulolabral sutures as performed during arthroscopic reconstruction for shoulder instability. In relation to the glenoid face, the sutures were placed anterior, anteroinferior, inferior, posteroinferior, and posterior. All sutures entered the capsule approximately 1 cm away from the glenoid and exited beneath the labrum, and were tied using arthroscopic knot-typing techniques. The shoulders were frozen in the lateral arthroscopic position of approximately 45 degrees of abduction and 20 degrees of flexion and sectioned in the plane of the glenohumeral joint. The axillary nerve was then dissected, and the average distance from the nerve to each suture was found to be 16.7 mm at the anterior position, 12.5 mm at the anteroinferior position, 14.4 mm at the inferior position, 24.1 mm at the posteroinferior position, and 32.3 mm at the posterior position. In no specimen was any suture closer to the axillary nerve than 7 mm. We noted a statistically significant trend for the nerve to lie closest to the anteroinferior suture and gradually recede from the remaining sutures lying more posteriorly. This anatomic study is the first to demonstrate a relatively safe margin for arthroscopic suture placement between the capsule and axillary nerve when these sutures are placed approximately 1 cm from the glenoid rim.