A growing number of Chinese environmental groups constitute not only an effective force in tackling environmental issues, but also a genuine civil society that is transforming state‐society relations in China. This paper will consider how the environmental movement now taking shape among south‐western China's environmental NGOs creates new civic freedoms and deals with existing constraints under the current Chinese political system. While this empowerment of local citizens will have a broadly positive influence on the protection of China's environment, precedent from other transitioning countries shows that environmental movements can be inextricably linked to important new freedoms for the public as well as jarring political change.
The isomeric sulphoxides of 6~-phenylacetamidopenicillanic acid esters and N-t-butyl-amides have been prepared. The ( R ) -sulphoxides can be thermally converted into the (S) -isomers. Deuterium labelling showed that the isomerisation proceeds via a sulphenic acid intermediate. Rearrangement of the sulphoxides with acetic anhydride produces mainly the corresponding acetoxypenams and acetoxycephams. Both isomers of the acetoxy-substituted penam can be formed by isomerisation of the appropriate sulphoxide.
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