The efficacy of an improved form of the mass‐trapping method for the control of the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) was tested for 4 years in a pilot test at Tanagra Voeotia, Greece. Improvements consisted of the extension of the active life of the toxic trap used, active life referring both to its attracting and killing properties, as well as in trap deployment, which combined efficacy and low cost. The method was compared to bait sprays applied from the ground, which constitutes the current standard method for the control of this pest. Both pest population density and fruit infestation levels, the main parameters used for the evaluation of the two methods were considerably lower during all 4 years of tests in the orchards protected by mass trapping compared with those in the orchards protected by bait sprays. Furthermore no complementary measures were required in the mass‐trapping orchards for acceptable crop protection, which was not the case under certain conditions, prior to the introduction of the recent improvements. The cost of the mass‐trapping method was approximately US$ 0.40 per tree per year compared with US$ 0.35 for bait sprays (figures of the Greek Ministry of Agriculture). However, the mass‐trapping method reduces the amount of insecticide used for olive protection by 99.5% (15 mg a.i. per tree per year as opposed to 3 g in the case of bait sprays). A considerable reduction in the cost of the mass‐trapping method is expected with the extension of its use and the mass production of materials used, especially traps.
The search for effective female attractants emanating from the host or body of fruit flies has been an area of intensive research for over three decades. In the present study, bodies of male Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), were extracted with diethyl ether or methanol and subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Analysis revealed substantial qualitative and quantitative differences between males from a laboratory culture and wild males captured alive in an orchard. Most notably, the hydrocarbon sesquiterpene (±)-α -copaene, which is known to be involved in the sexual behaviour of the species, was found in substantial amounts in wild males, but was not detected in laboratory males. In laboratory tests, 15 laboratory or wild male equivalents of diethyl ether extracts or combined diethyl ether and methanol extracts, or, to a lesser extent, methanol extracts alone, were found to attract virgin females. In a citrus orchard, traps baited with combined diethyl ether and methanol extracts of wild males attracted significantly more virgin females than traps baited with various doses of pyranone or blends of other compounds identified in the extracts or reported in the literature, such as ethyl acetate, ethyl-( E )-3-octenoate, and 1-pyrroline. Traps baited with blends of compounds, however, displayed substantial attractiveness compared to control (non-baited) traps. These results are important for better understanding the mating system of C. capitata as well as for further improving existing monitoring and control systems.
Population growth and population structure of natural populatzons of M. YOSUC 473 crowding on the expression of migratory urge among alatae in the laboratory. Ann. Appl. Biol.-1973: Effects of population density on alienicolae of Aphis fabae Scop. 11. The expression of SHAW, R. C.; P R A~A D , R., 1970: Starch gel electrophoresis of enzymesa compilation of recipes. TOMIUK, J.; WOHKMANN, K., 1979: Investigations on natural aphid populations. Proc. 1. TOMIUK, J.; WOHKMANN, K.; EGGERS-SCHUMACHER, H. A., 1979: Enzyme patterns as a charac-WOOL, D.; VAN EMDEN, H. F.; BUNTING, S. W., 1978: Electrophoretic detection of the internal 6J, 197-203. migratory urge among alatae in the field. Ann. Appl. Biol. 74, 1-7. Biochem. Gen. 4, 297-320. Mediteranean Congress of Genetics, Cairo. teristic for the identification of aphids. 2. ang. Ent. 88, 440446. parasite, Aphidius matricariae in Myzus persicae. Ann. Appl. Biol. 90, 21-26. AbstractEarly summer infestation of olive fruits by Dacus oleae (Gmel.) (Diptera, Ttypetidae) and its control by the parasite Eupelmus urozonus (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae) in a greek olive groveThe analysis of the infestation rate of the fruits by D. oleae during summer was carried out in a typical and insecticide-free olive grove in Greece. The trees were generally poorly infested until1 the middle of September, then the infestation rate increased quickly during October and reached more than 80 % of the fruits at harvest time (table). When scanning the distribution of Daczisfield population, it is emphasized that just a few trees supported the summer multiplication of the flies. These "early sensitive trees" entertained in Jul an important number of preimaginal stages (fig. I), while more than 20 % of their fruits were inrested. They produced a first brood of adults which appeared in the McPhail traps during August (fi .2); then, a second one took place in September and its rogeny was responsible for the autumnaf attack. During the summer multiplication brood of the {ost, E. urozonus parasitized D. oleae as pupae, controlling up to 95.3 YO of the fly population by August 26'h (fig. 3).U.S.
In the framework of an ongoing effort for development of an effective trap for the control of the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) (Diptera, Tephrifidae), by mass trapping, four trap types (wood, cloth, laminate, McPhail), seven different colors of laminate traps, different food attractants, attractant combinations or formulations (total of ten cases), and two insecticides (deltamethrin, b-cyfluthrin) used as killing agents on the traps, were compared under field conditions. The following conclusions may be drawn: Laminate traps (paper envelopes with a polyethylene lining inside, 15×20 cm in size, containing 70 g of ammonium bicarbonate salt and impregnated with 15 mg (a.i.) of an insecticide), were more effective than wood traps. Effectiveness of laminate traps can be enhanced by using an attracting color or in the case of the food attractant ammonium bicarbonate, by incorporating copper oxychloride. Combinations of two protein hydrolysates were more effective than one hydrolysate alone. Effectiveness of protein hydrolysates is not constantly higher than that of ammonium bicarbonate, the use of which is more economic and convenient. The insecticide b-cyfluthrin may be used on traps instead of deltamethrin, which is known to have a repellent effect on the olive fly, especially Linder high concentrations, and is unstable under natural UV light.
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