A rapid and efficient microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) process for the selective extraction of embelin from Embelia ribes was developed. Solvent selection, microwave energy input and solid loading were optimized. The rate of extraction and purity of embelin depended upon the solvent used and exposure time to microwaves. Maximum MAE was achieved in acetone with total yield of 92% (w/w) embelin with 90% (w/w) purity with 1% (w/v) raw material loading at 150 W power level in 80 s. Non-polar solvents, such as hexane and dichloromethane, were not effective for the selective extraction of embelin.
The leaves and tuber of Curcuma raktakanda were investigated as a mosquito larvicide against the early fourth instar larvae of four mosquito species, viz., Culex quinquefasciatus , Culex sitiens , Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi . The petroleum ether extract of the leaves and tuber exhibited toxicity towards all the test species. The LC 90 values of leaf extract for Cx. quinquefasciatus , Cx. sitiens , Ae. aegypti and An. stephensi were 46.77, 27.45, 58.75 and 45.81 mg/l,respectively. The LC 90 values of crude extract of tuber were 44.88, 29.11, 48.08 and 37.49 mg/l for Cx. quinquefasciatus , Cx. sitiens , Ae. aegypti and An. stephensi , respectively. The crude extract of the tuber was fractionated using column chromatography and the activity of the fractions was studied against the test species. The LC 90 values of the biologically active fraction for Cx. quinquefasciatus , Cx. sitiens , Ae. aegypti and An. stephensi were 18.50, 12.82, 19.95 and 18.19 mg/l, respectively. The extracts were active after storage for one year.
Foodborne pathogens like E. coli are considered as the major causes of foodborne illness
in humans worldwide. The present study was undertaken to determine the occurrence of E. coli in
cloacal samples of broiler chicken from Kollam and Kottayam districts. The occurrence of E. coli in
cloacal samples from broiler chicken was 76.5 per cent from Kollam and 79 per cent from Kottayam
through culture techniques. Out of the total 400 cloacal swab samples collected from broiler
chicken, 77.8 per cent were positive for E. coli. The samples which were subjected to conventional
culture techniques were further analysed for PCR confirmation. The study revealed that, 56.5 and
67 per cent samples were positive for E. coli from Kollam and Kottayam, respectively. An overall
occurrence of 61.8 per cent out of 400 samples were confirmed for E. coli by PCR. One Health
approach can be used as a suitable tool to combat the foodborne zoonotic diseases, since it is an
integrated, multidisciplinary, holistic approach. Proper implementation of biosecurity measures in
farms is mandatory to control foodborne zoonotic diseases.
Breast cancer the second leading cause of cancer death in women, is the disease women fear most. External breast prosthesis is an artificial breast form that is used to replace the natural breast after a complete mastectomy. Prostheses come in a wide variety of shapes, sizes and skin tones and are made from materials that are designed to move, feel and weight as similar to a natural breast as possible. It is important to take a well-fittings bra to your breast prosthesis fitting appointment. So the fitter can see how the prosthesis will sit in your bra. The fitter will explain what will happen during the fitting and check you have a well-fitting bra. Once your scar area is fully healed and swelling has gone down (usually within six to eight weeks) you can be fitted for permanent silicone prosthesis, if you choose. External breast prosthesis can be utilized 4to 5 years.
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