f T99S, %d@Y of Pel,ofaum Enginaers, Inc. This papar was prapamd for presantatmm at !he SPHISRM Eurock '98 held in Trondhelm, Nonvay, 8-10 July 1S9SThis papar was aelectad for presantatica by an SPE Program Commiftee Iolfowing revfaw of infomlafim cantalnad In an abstract submittad by the aulhorts) Contents of the papar, as -ted. haw nOl baan rwdavmd by the Swiety of Petroleum Enginaars and are Sub@cl to mrraction by the aumor{s) Tha material, as presaniad, dons not nacessmily raflact any pdaftion of the SMety of Petroleum Engmears, its officers, or members PaIMrs presanted at S.PE nmaiings ara subfect to publication revlaw by Editorial Committees of the %ciety of petroleum Englnaars Eiactronlc reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this papa for cannwrmal purposes wthout the Mitten mnsant of the S@ety of Petroleum Engineers is prohibttad PennlssIm to reprakum in print IS restritied to an abstract of not more than S00 words+ illustrations may not IX cupiad. The abstracl must con!a!n conspicuous acknovdadgmant of where and by MW+_I? tha papar was presentad Wme Librarian, SPE. P 0. 8QX S3S8S6 Ricf!ardxm. TX 7!S0S3-3SS6, u. S.A., fax Ot-972-952+M35 AbstractShales are highly anisotropic and are generally characterized by very low permeabilities. In this paper we report results of an experimental study of the relationship between elastic wave propagation anisotropy and permeabilityy anisotropy of an illitic shale.Elastic wave velocity was measured as a function of angle reIative to the bedding plane orientation. Radial compressional and shear wave velocities were measured around the circumference of a core taken parallel to the bedding of the shale. The shale was highly anisotropic.Permeability measurements were then taken for cores oriented in the directions of the maximum and minimum velocities.The permeability was measured using a novel steady-state-flow permeameter capable of measuring extremely low flow rates of water, brine, or oil. At low effective pressure the shale was highly anisotropic, but the anisotropy reduced to zero at high effective pressure.We compare the shale results with those from measurements on a sandstone and a tuff, where permeability anisotropy is maintained even up to the highest effective pressures used.
As part of the site characterization efforts at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, a series of unsaturated zone tracer tests has been performed at nearby Busted Butte. The phase 2 tracer test was conducted within an instrumented 10 m by 10 m by 7 m in situ block of vitric tuff. A complex tracer solution containing both reactive and nonreactive tracers was pumped into the block during a period of 27 months. Throughout the test, thousands of unsaturated zone pore water samples were collected on sorptive pads attached to inverting membranes and then analyzed for tracer concentration. Partway through the experiment, three new boreholes were drilled into the block, and two intercepted the tracer plume. The rock core was removed for pore water extraction and analysis, and the boreholes were then instrumented with inverting membranes and sorptive pads. The initial set of pore water‐soaked pads was removed from the boreholes a week after they were emplaced, and the pore water was extracted and analyzed. This paper compares the tracer concentration data from the rock cores and the pads to evaluate the effectiveness of the inverting membrane collection technique for a variety of tracers. While the sorptive pads sample only dissolved tracers, rock cores contain both dissolved and sorbed tracer. For nonreactive tracers, such as halides (bromide and iodide) and fluorinated benzoic acids (FBAs), this distinction is immaterial, and the rock and pad data agree quantitatively for the halide tracers, and qualitatively for the FBAs. For reactive tracers, such as lithium, the dissolved tracer concentrations can be estimated from rock analyses by dividing by the tracer's retardation factor; when this correction is applied, the rock and pad lithium data are also in reasonable agreement.
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