An optimal nutritional state is an important consideration in providing successful operative outcomes. Unfortunately, many aspects of surgery are not constructive to providing this. In addition, the metabolic and immune response to injury induces a catabolic state and insulin resistance, a known risk factor of post-operative complications. Aggressive insulin therapy post-operatively has been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality but similar results can be achieved when insulin resistance is lessened by the use of pre-operative carbohydrate loading. Consuming carbohydrate-containing drinks up to 2 h before surgery has been found to be an effective way to attenuate insulin resistance, minimise protein losses, reduce hospital stays and improve patient comfort without adversely affecting gastric emptying. Enhanced recovery programmes have employed carbohydrate loading as one of several strategies aimed at reducing post-operative stress and improving the recovery process. Studies examining the benefits of these programmes have demonstrated significantly shorter post-operative hospital stays, faster return to normal functions and lower occurrences of surgical complications. As a consequence of the favourable evidence they are now being implemented in many surgical units. Further benefit to post-operative recovery may be found with the use of immune-enhancing diets, i.e. supplementation with n-3 fatty acids, arginine, glutamine and/or nucleotides. These have the potential to boost the immune system, improve wound healing and reduce inflammatory markers. Research exploring the benefits of immunonutrition and solidifying the use of carbohydrate loading is ongoing; however, there is strong evidence to link good pre-operative nutrition and improved surgical outcomes.Pre-operative nutrition: Carbohydrate loading: Immunonutrition

The first intestinal transplantation in the United Kingdom was performed in Cambridge in 1991. Thirty-eight intestinal transplantations have since been performed in 35 patients. All deaths in the first postoperative month related to hemorrhage, in 2 cases to severe portal hypertension (SPH) and poor venous access in 2. We have modified our practice to reduce the bleeding risk with SPH. Loss of venous access can be avoided by timely referral. Rejection was implicated in 3/14 deaths all dying of sepsis. Cytomegalovirus disease resulted in 2 deaths; we try to avoid CMV-positive donors giving to CMV-negative recipients. Three deaths were related to psychiatric illness, which led to loss of graft in 2 others. Three patients were retransplanted (2 rejections and 1 infarction) and all remain alive. Most patients (10/13) experienced a fall in body weight in the first postoperative year after SB/MV transplantation. Body weight fell by as much as 25%. As transplantation resulted in a net gain in small bowel in most cases, the postoperative loss of native body weight may be underestimated. Interestingly this was not associated with a significant fall in midarm circumference or handgrip strength. Long-term nutrition can be maintained with oral intake in the majority of patients post-SBT. There is improvement in handgrip strength post-transplant. Transplantation does not significantly alter weight, albumin, or other common anthropometric markers. Despite these problems, our 5-year survival results remain relatively good at 73% in the cohort from 1991, 79% from 2003, and 80% from 2008. We consider that deployment of strategies learned from our experiences has improved outcomes.

Background/Objectives Traditional indirect calorimetry is unable to capture complete gas exchange in patients receiving venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO). We aimed to determine the feasibility of using a modified indirect calorimetry protocol in patients receiving VA ECMO, report measured energy expenditure (EE) and compare EE to control critically ill patients. Subjects/Methods Mechanically ventilated adult patients receiving VA ECMO were included. EE was measured within 72 h of VA ECMO commencement (timepoint one [T1]) and on approximately day seven of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission (timepoint two [T2]). Traditional indirect calorimetry via the ventilator was combined with calculations of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production derived from pre- and post-ECMO membrane blood gas analyses. Completion of ≥60% EE measurements was deemed feasible. Measured EE was compared between T1 and T2 and to control patients not receiving VA ECMO. Data is presented as n(%) and median[interquartile range (IQR)]. Results Twenty-one patients were recruited; 16(76%) male, aged 55[42–64] years. The protocol was feasible to complete at T1 (14(67%)) but not at T2 (7(33%)) due to predominantly ECMO decannulation, extubation or death. EE was 1454[1213–1860] at T1 and 1657[1570–2074] kcal/d at T2 (P = 0.043). In patients receiving VA ECMO versus controls, EE was 1577[1434–1801] versus 2092[1609–2272] kcal/d, respectively (P = 0.056). Conclusion Modified indirect calorimetry is feasible early in admission to ICU but is not possible in all patients receiving VA ECMO, especially later in admission. EE increases during the first week of ICU admission but may be lower than EE in control critically ill patients.

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