Background and aim: biliary self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) have the advantage of being inserted undeployed with very small sizes and provide, when fully opened, large diameters for biliary drainage. However, their use in benign conditions has been very limited, mainly because of difficulty in their extraction. We present our initial experience with a fully covered SEMS (Wallflex) for the management of benign problems of the bile duct. Patients and methods: in a prospective study, stents of 8 mm in diameter and 4, 6 or 8 cm long were inserted by means of ERCP. These SEMS were chosen when according to medical judgement it was thought that diameters greater than 10 French (3.3 mm) were needed for proper biliary drainage. Stents were extracted also endoscopically, several months later when deemed clinically appropriate. Results: twenty biliary SEMS were inserted. Reasons for insertion were: large intrahepatic biliary fistula after hydatid cyst surgery (1), perforation of the papillary area following endoscopic sphincterotomy (2), coaxial insertion to achieve patency in obstructed uncovered stents inserted in benign conditions (3), benign strictures (7), multiple and large common bile duct stones that could not be extracted because of tapering and stricturing of the distal common bile duct (7). In all cases, successful biliary drainage was achieved and there were no complications from insertion. Stents were easily extracted after a mean time of 132 days (36-270) in place. Complete resolution of biliary problems was obtained in 14 patients (70%). Conclusions: in our initial experience, the fully covered Wallflex biliary stent was removed without any complication after being in place in the common bile duct for a mean time of over four months. Therefore, it could be used in the management of benign biliary conditions.

Background and aim: endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with biliary sphincterotomy (BS) is the usual method for extracting common bile duct stones. However, following BS and by means of extraction balloons and Dormia baskets a complete bile duct clearance cannot be achieved in all cases. We present a study on the impact that hydrostatic balloon dilation of a previous BS (BSD) may have in the extraction rate of choledocholithiasis. Patients and methods: a prospective study which included 91 consecutive patients diagnosed with choledocholithiasis who underwent ERCP. For stone removal, extraction balloons and Dormia baskets were used, and when necessary BSD was employed. Results: complete bile duct clearance was achieved in 86/91 (94.5%) patients. BSD was used in 30 (33%) cases. In these cases, extraction was complete in 29/30 (97%); 23 (76%) patients in the BSD group had anatomic difficulties or bleeding disorders. The most frequently used hydrostatic balloon diameter was 15 mm (60%). There were 7 (7.6%) complications: two self-limited hemorrhage episodes in the BSD group and one episode of cholangitis, one of pancreatitis, and three of bleeding in the group in which BSD was not used. Conclusions: BSD is a very valuable tool for extracting common bile duct stones. In our experience, there has been an increase in the extraction rate from 73% (Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2002; 94: 340-50) to 94.5% (p = 0.0001, OR 0.1, CI 0.05-0.45), with no increase in complications.

A 42-year-old male patient consulted several times for recurring episodes of bleeding per rectum. An anal source was clinically suspected from the beginning due to the pattern of blood expulsion after passing stools. The patient had been studied for this reason and had undergone two colonoscopies under deep sedation with propofol. Small size hemorroides were observed and different kinds of treatments were applied. As bleeding per rectum continued, the patient was referred to Surgery. In physical exam (anal inspection and anoscopy) the surgeon did not remark enough hemorroidal engorgement as to prescribe an operation. He ordered a third colonoscopy exam. In this occasion it was performed with the patient unsedated.In this third procedure, with the endoscope in retroflexion in the rectum, a polyp with stalk was observed located a few centimetres above the pectinate anal line (Fig. 1). The examination continued until the cecal pole and no more lesions were found. Finally, snare polyp removal was performed (Figs. 2 and 3). No complications occurred.Pathologic diagnosis was of a 1.7 cm of maximun diameter adenomatous polyp specimen with some foci of moderate dysplasia. Resection limit was clearly demarcated. Fig. 1. With the colonoscope in retroflexion a pedunculated rectal formation was observed near the anus. This finding had not previously been seen in two colonoscopies in which this manoeuvre was not done. Fig. 2. Diathermy snare polyp removal was performed in a standard fashion. During removal the colonoscope remained also in retroflexion. Fig. 3. Coagulated cut stalk after polypectomy. There was a small burn produced by an unnoticed current flow in the rectal mucosa near the pedicle. The patient had no complications after polyp removal. Importance of retroflexion in the rectum during colonoscopy PICTURES IN DIGESTIVE PATHOLOGY

RESUMEN Antecedentes y objetivo: la inserción de prótesis metálicas autoexpandibles para paliar la obstrucción tumoral del vaciamiento gástrico es un procedimiento mínimamente invasivo, que cada vez se utiliza con más frecuencia. Presentamos la experiencia de esta técnica en un hospital de nivel II del Sistema Nacional de Salud. Pacientes y métodos: estudio retrospectivo de un periodo de cinco años (2003-2007), en los que se trató de resolver la obstrucción tumoral del vaciamiento gástrico en 27 ocasiones a 23 pacientes (media de 0,45 procedimientos por mes), mediante la inserción endoscópica de prótesis no recubiertas (Wallstent ® y Wallflex ®). Resultados: la inserción fue técnicamente posible en el 100% de los 27 intentos. Se obtuvo un buen resultado clínico en 25 ocasiones (92,5%). Se utilizó sólo endoscopia 10 (37%) veces y en las otras 17 (63%) también fluoroscopia. Tras la inserción de la prótesis se intervino a un paciente con intención curativa y a otro, en el que la prótesis no funcionó, para realizar una derivación paliativa. Cuatro prótesis se obstruyeron por crecimiento tumoral, recanalizándose mediante la inserción de nuevas prótesis. En tres ocasiones se produjo ictericia obstructiva en prótesis que cubrían la papila de Vater. No hubo otras complicaciones. Tampoco mortalidad derivada del procedimiento. La media de supervivencia fue de 104 días (rango 28-400, DE ± 94). Conclusiones: en nuestra experiencia, la inserción endoscópica de prótesis metálicas autoexpandibles parece un método seguro y eficaz en el tratamiento paliativo de la obstrucción tumoral del vaciamiento gástrico y puede llevarse a cabo con éxito en un centro de nuestras características. Palabras clave: Prótesis enterales. Gastroyeyunostomía. Obstrucción tumoral del vaciamiento gástrico. Tratamiento paliativo. Cáncer de páncreas.

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