Haematococcus pluvialis is known to be a natural source of antioxidants for numerous applications. In this study, an oleoresin rich in carotenoids extracted by supercritical CO2 treatment of H. pluvialis was extensively characterized for its antioxidant capacity. Carotenoid content, fatty acid profile, total phenol content, antioxidant capacity, and viscosity of the oleoresin were determined with the aim of ascertaining the potential of the oleoresin in terms of its antioxidant content for food applications. The oleoresin contained 96.22 mg/g of total astaxanthin (which includes free astaxanthin and astaxanthin esters) and mostly included unsaturated fatty acids (~78% of total fatty acids). High total phenol content and ferric reducing antioxidant potential indicated high antioxidant capacity, but oxygen radical absorbance capacity was lower compared to the oleoresin samples obtained from other species. The oleoresin was a non-Newtonian fluid since it had shear-thinning (pseudoplastic) and shear-thickening (dilatant) flow. Therefore, the H. pluvialis oleoresin is a potential alternative in developing functional ingredients for designing healthy food products. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that has reported an extensive characterization of the antioxidant properties of a microalgal oleoresin obtained by means of supercritical CO2 fluid extraction.

Summary — The effect of 2 levels of crude protein in the ration (110 and 90% of theoretical requirements) and of 3 main protein sources in the concentrate (faba beans, soybean cake and fish meal) on changes in live weight and body condition score, milk production, plasma concentration of non-esterified fatty acids and urea, and lamb growth was studied in 36 lactating Rasa Aragonesa ewes rearing 2 lambs submitted to an energy restriction level of 30% of their theoretical requirements. The average decreases in live weight and body condition score of the ewes were not significantly affected by the two effects studied. The ewes that were given the higher protein level produced more milk, fat, protein, total dry matter and blood urea concentration than those that received the lower level (P< 0.05). A trend towards significance was observed in the maximum concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids according to the protein source (P= 0.07) (P < 0, 05). Une tendance vers la signification a été obser vée dans la concentration maximum des acides gras non estérifiés selon la source de protéine utilisée (P = 0,07). Il n'a pas eu de différences significatives dans la croissance des agneaux.protéine / état corporel / production laitière / brebis / agneaux

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The effect of level of barley feeding (200, 400 or 600 g fresh matter per ewe per day) on the change in body condition, between weaning and mating, of ewes offered barley straw treated with ammonia was examined in experiment 1. In experiment 2, a 2 × 2 factorial design was used with two levels of restriction of metabolizable energy in lactation (proportionately 0·85 and 0·70 of the requirements) followed by two levels of feeding of barley (250 or 500 g) in the main experimental period. In experiment 1 the intake of straw was significantly lower when 600 glday was offered, and ewes given 200 g/day barky had significantly lower gain in live weight and body condition score. In experiment 2 the level of energy intake in lactation did not affect the intakes of straw, but the current level of barley feeding did.

Recent research has elucidated many factors which play a role in the development and composition of human microbiomes. In this study we briefly examine the microbiomes of saliva and fecal samples from 71 indigenous individuals, and chicha samples from 28 single family households in a remote community in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Fecal and saliva samples were collected at two separate time points whereas chicha samples were collected at four time points, once each day of the fermentation process. In total 324 samples were collected: 113 saliva, 108 chicha, and 103 fecal. Microbial composition and diversity were assessed using shotgun metagenome sequence data. Chicha samples were found to be nearly entirely composed of the order Lactobacillales, accounting for 90.1% of the relative abundance. Saliva samples also contained a high relative abundance of Lactobacillales (31.9%) as well as being composed of Neisseriales (12.8%), Actinomycineae (8.7%), Bacteroidales (7.0%), Clostridiales (6.8%), Micrococcineae (6.5%), and Pasteurellales (6.0%). Fecal samples were largely composed of the three orders Clostridiales (33.7%), Bacteroidales (21.9%), and Bifidobacteriales (16.5%). Comparison of α-diversity, as calculated by Shannon’s Diversity Index, in mothers and their offspring showed no significant difference between the two groups in either fecal or saliva samples. Comparison of β-diversity in fecal and saliva samples, as calculated by the Bray-Curtis Dissimilarity measure, within household units and between differing households showed that members of the same household were significantly less dissimilar to each other than to members of other households in the community. Average microbiome composition for individuals within fecal and saliva samples was assessed to determine the impact of an individual’s household on the composition of their microbiome. Household was determined to have a significant impact on both fecal and oral microbiome compositions.