Antibiotics are designed to affect gut microbiota and subsequently gut homeostasis. However, limited information exists about short- and long-term effects of early antibiotic intervention (EAI) on gut homeostasis (especially for the small intestine) of pigs following antibiotic withdrawal. We investigated the impact of EAI on specific bacterial communities, microbial metabolites and mucosal immune parameters in the small intestine of later-growth-stage pigs fed with diets differing in CP levels. Eighteen litters of piglets were fed creep feed with or without antibiotics from day 7 to day 42. At day 42, pigs within each group were offered a normal- or low-CP diet. Five pigs per group were slaughtered at days 77 and 120. At day 77, EAI increased Enterobacteriaceae counts in the jejunum and ileum and decreased Bifidobacterium counts in the jejunum and ileum (P < 0.05). Moreover, tryptamine, putrescine, secretory immunoglobulin (Ig) A and IgG concentrations in the ileum and interleukin-10 (IL-10) mRNA and protein levels in the jejunum and ileum were decreased in pigs with EAI (P < 0.05). At day 120, EAI only suppressed Clostridium cluster XIVa counts in the jejunum and ileum (P < 0.05). These results suggest that EAI has a short-term effect on specific bacterial communities, amino acid decarboxylation and mucosal immune parameters in the small intestine (particularly in the ileum). At days 77 and 120, feeding a low-CP diet affected Bifidobacterium, Clostridium cluster IV, Clostridium cluster XIVa and Enterobacteriaceae counts in the jejunum or ileum (P < 0.05). Moreover, feeding a low-CP diet increased the concentrations of Igs in the jejunum and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines levels in the jejunum and ileum (P < 0.05). At day 120, feeding a low-CP diet increased short-chain fatty acid concentrations, reduced ammonia and spermidine concentrations and up-regulated genes related to barrier function in the jejunum and ileum (P < 0.05). These results suggest that feeding a low-CP diet changes specific bacterial communities and intestinal metabolite concentrations and modifies mucosal immune parameters. These findings contribute to our understanding on the duration of the impact of EAI on gut homeostasis and may provide basis data for nutritional modification in young pigs after antibiotic treatment.
ABSTRACT. To investigate the relationship of polymorphisms in the cholesteryl ester transport protein (CETP) gene with coronary heart disease (CHD) and diabetes in subjects of Uyghur and Han Chinese origin, 266 subjects with CHD including 154 subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 136 healthy subjects (as a control group) were enrolled in this study. Polymerase chain reaction and an enzymatic assay based on the ligase detection reaction were used to detect R451Q polymorphisms in the CETP gene. The data were used for genotyping to determine the allele frequency distribution of the CETP gene R451Q polymorphism to investigate its effects on lipid and apolipoprotein levels. Genotype and allele frequencies of CETP R451QA did not show any significant differences among the CHD and healthy control groups. Moreover, no significant difference in the CETP R451QA genotype and allele frequency was detected among the subjects of Uyghur and Han origin. Blood levels of lipids and apolipoproteins likewise lacked an association with CETP R451QA 955©FUNPEC-RP www.funpecrp.com.br Genetics and Molecular Research 13 (1): 954-962 (2014) R451Q polymorphism and coronary heart disease with diabetes genotype frequencies in the CHD/diabetes group. We conclude that the R451Q polymorphisms in the CETP gene had no effects on blood lipid levels and are not a risk factor for CHD in Han and Uyghur Chinese.
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