No abstract

This historical review covers IBM experiments in evaluating radiation-induced soft fails in LSI electronics over a fifteen-year period, concentrating on major scientific and technical advances which have not been previously published.

The viscosity of a soda-lime silica glass was measured at high strain rates. The data show non-Newtonian viscous flow in this inorganic oxide glass with the viscosity values below the expected Newtonian value. Following the imposition of large, steady strain rates, the observed stress increases with time to a maximum and then decreases to a time-independent value. A comparison of the viscosity behavior of this glass with the molecular dynamics results in a ’’Lennard-Jones’’ glass shows a number of points of correspondence and suggests the interpretation of the non-Newtonian behavior as resulting from structural rearrangements in the material. The combined data show that the sustained, steady-state stress asymptotically approaches a maximum at very high strain rates. This limiting stress is interpreted as the actual cohesive strength of the material and is calculated to be 1.4×108N/m2 (20,000 psi) for the glass under study.

Depolarized Rayleigh scattering spectra have been obtained for water over essentially its entire liquid range at atmospheric pressure. Three principal components of the Rayleigh line were identified and these were described in terms of molecular reorientation of the molecules, the formation and breaking of hydrogen bonds between molecules, and polarizability anisotropies resulting from the collisions or interactions among several molecules. For the region of the spectrum 0 to 50 cm−1, the most intense component of the spectrum is that which we have ascribed to hydrogen bond kinetics; from it we have determined the mean lifetime of a hydrogen bond in water as a function of temperature.