Delay to diagnosis was studied in 313 consecutive patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). On average, patients with PNES were diagnosed 7.2 years after manifestation (SD 9.3 years). Younger age, interictal epileptiform potentials in the EEG, and anticonvulsant treatment were associated with longer delays. Other patient factors did not explain the great variability of the time to diagnosis, suggesting that physician factors contributed to delays.

To what degree does the so-called 'initial hit' of the brain versus chronic epilepsy contribute towards the memory impairment observed in chronic temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients? We examined cross-sectional comparisons of age-related regressions of verbal learning and memory in 1156 patients with chronic TLE (age range 6-68 years, mean epilepsy onset 14 +/- 11 years) versus 1000 healthy control subjects (age range 6-80 years) and tested the hypothesis that deviations of age regressions (i.e. slowed rise, accelerated decline) will reveal critical phases during which epilepsy interferes with cognitive development. Patients were recruited over a 20-year period at the Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn. Healthy subjects were drawn from an updated normative population of the Verbaler Lern- und Merkfähigkeitstest, the German pendant to the Rey Auditory Verbal learning Test. A significant divergence of age regressions indicates that patients fail to build up adequate learning and memory performance during childhood and particularly during adolescence. The learning peak (i.e. crossover into decline) is seen earlier in patients (at about the age of 16-17 years) than for controls (at about the age of 23-24 years). Decline in performance with ageing in patients and controls runs in parallel, but due to the initial distance between the groups, patients reach very poor performance levels much earlier than controls. Patients with left and right TLEs performed worse in verbal memory than controls. In addition, patients with left TLE performed worse than those with right TLE. However, laterality differences were evident only in adolescent and adult patients, and not (or less so) in children and older patients. Independent of age, hippocampal sclerosis was associated with poorer performance than other pathologies. The results indicate developmental hindrance plus a negative interaction of cognitive impairment with mental ageing, rather than a progressively dementing decline in chronic TLE patients. During childhood, and even more so during the decade following puberty, the critical phases for establishing episodic memory deficits appear. This increases the risk of premature 'dementia' later on, even in the absence of an accelerated decline. Material specific verbal memory impairment in left TLE is a characteristic of the mature brain and seems to disappear at an older age. The findings suggest that increased attention is to be paid to the time of epilepsy onset and thereafter. Early control of epilepsy is demanded to counteract developmental hindrance and damage at a younger age.

No abstract

The purpose of our study is to evaluate whether children recover better than adults from memory deficits as a consequence of temporal lobe surgery. We compared 3 and 12 month outcomes obtained in children and adults with medically refractory epilepsy. Each candidate underwent temporal lobe resection for seizure control and children were matched with regard to pathology, onset of epilepsy, side of surgery and type of surgery with adults (N = 30 for each group, mean age at surgery 13 versus 30 years). Three months after surgery, both left-resected groups displayed a significant decline in verbal learning capacity. During the following 9 months, only the children recovered and were able to reach their preoperative level 1 year after surgery. The left-resected adults remained, for the most part, on their low level and one year after surgery, they were still significantly worse than at the time of their preoperative examination. The right-resected adults experienced a deterioration in visual memory 1 year after surgery relative to the results of the short-term follow-up; the children improved. The children also had a better outcome with regard to attentional functions and, as a trend, a better seizure outcome (Engel Outcome I--1 year after surgery: 63% adults, 80% paediatric patients). Our neuropsychological data provide evidence of greater plasticity and compensational capacity in childhood. The results can be taken as a strong argument for early surgical intervention.

No abstract