This paper proposes a method to realize ideal lithium niobate (LiNbO3) A1 resonators. By introducing subwavelength through-holes between the interdigital transducer (IDT) electrodes on the LiNbO3 surface, all unfavorable spurious modes of the resonators can be suppressed completely. It is convenient and valid for various IDT electrode parameters and different LiNbO3 thicknesses. Also, this method does not require additional device fabrication steps. At the same time, these through-holes can greatly reduce the suspended area of the LiNbO3 thin film, thus significantly improving the design flexibility, compactness, mechanical stability, temperature stability, and power tolerance of the resonators (and subsequent filters). It is expected to become an important means to promote the practical application of LiNbO3 A1 filters and even all Lamb waves filters.
This article gives an overview of recent thinking on the typology and structure of the liturgical texts found among the Dunhuang manuscripts. The author proposes dividing the thousands of liturgical texts found at Dunhuang into two main categories: liturgical protocols (zhaiyi 齋儀) and liturgies (zhaiwen 齋文). Liturgical protocols (sometimes called 'written protocols' [shuyi 書儀]) were used as references for drafting liturgies. Liturgies, written up on the basis of these liturgical protocols, were functional documents that were read aloud at all kinds of ritual gatherings. We can also divide the structure of the liturgies into five parts: the 'opening' (haotou 號 頭), 'exaltation of virtues' (tande 歎德), 'liturgical purpose' (zhaiyi 齋意), 'ritual area' (daochang 道場), and 'adornment' (zhuangyan 莊 嚴). This structure is roughly applicable to liturgical protocols and liturgies with all manners of content, including hymns of praise, apotropaic rituals, healing rites, and mourning rites, though there are of course many variations in the specific arrangement and sequence of the parts. This article also touches on the commonly used term 'prayer texts' (yuanwen 願文). It is suggested that this is a specific kind of liturgical text and that the term cannot be used as a blanket reference to the broader category of 'liturgical text'.
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