Certain strains of Bacillus ubtilis and BaciUus mesentericus produce glutamyl polypeptide similar to that produced by Bacilus anthracis (IvAnovics and Erdos, 1937; Bovarnick, 1942). The peptide of the latter organism is contained largely in a capsule and is released into the medium upon autoclaving or upon aging and autolysis of the cells, whereas most, if not all, of that produced by B. subtilis occurs free in the medium. Some of the

Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen that affects children worldwide. The number of publications discussing community-associated S. aureus infections, particularly in children, adolescents and young adults, has increased in recent years. This is related to the emergence and worldwide spread of community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus and the increase in severe life-threatening community-associated S. aureus infections. The increase in severity has been seen with both methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible strains. This suggests that other virulence factors might be associated with the observed trend. Panton-Valentine leukocidin is a distinctive virulence factor associated with a highly aggressive and often fatal form of community-acquired infections. We propose that empiric treatment should be adapted to the type of infection and the resistance profile present in each country or region. In cases of severe infection, a combination of antibiotics, including at least one molecule active against protein synthesis such as clindamycin or linezolid, will be needed.

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Background: An epidemiological study of Streptococcus pneumoniae nasopharyngeal carriage in healthy children was carried out five years after the introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13). Objectives: Study the impact of pediatric vaccination with PCV13, and other associated epidemiological factors on the status of nasopharyngeal carriage, the circulating pneumococcal serotypes, and the antibiotic susceptibility to more frequently used antibiotics. Methods: A multi-center study was carried out in Primary Health Care, which included 1821 healthy children aged 1 to 4 years old. All isolates were sent to the Spanish Pneumococcal Reference Laboratory for serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Results: At least one dose of PCV13 had been received by 71.9% of children and carriage pneumococcal prevalence was 19.7%. The proportion of PCV13 serotypes was low (14.4%), with an observed predominance of non-vaccine serotypes, 23B, 11A, 10A, 35B/F, and 23A were the five most frequent. A high rate of resistance to penicillin, erythromycin, and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole was found. Conclusions: A low proportion of PCV13 serotypes were detected, confirming the impact of pediatric vaccination for reducing the serotypes vaccine carriage. High resistance rates to clinically important antibiotics were observed.

Aim: To compare the antimicrobial efficacy of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO at 2.5% and 5.25%) and calcium hypochlorite [Ca(ClO) 2 at 2.5%] on a biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212™ and Candida albicans ATCC 10231™. Materials and methods: We performed an experimental in vitro study. Strains of C. albicans and E. faecalis, which had previously been reactivated were used. Then the colonies to be used were standardized in a turbidity standard to guarantee a quantity of 108 (CFU/mL) using the McFarland scale (0.5). Subsequently, the biofilm formed in brain-heart infusion agar was seeded into 42 sterile disks previously embedded with the experimental substances. Both 2.5% NaClO and Ca(ClO) 2 solutions were placed in each Petri dish. They were then incubated at 37°C for 24 hours and the inhibition halos were measured using the Kirby-Bauer technique. Results: The means between the halos corresponding to NaClO and Ca(ClO) 2 at 2.5% were 13.38 ± 0.64 mm and 13.42 ± 0.62 mm, respectively. According to the Tukey test, no statistically significant differences were found between the hypochlorite groups evaluated (p = 0.989). Conclusion:Both Ca(ClO) 2 and NaClO have a similar antimicrobial efficacy with biofilm based on E. faecalis and C. albicans, with no statistically significant differences between the two. Clinical significance: This study demonstrates the effectiveness of Ca(ClO) 2 and NaClO as endodontic irrigators to combat the most frequent microorganisms of the root canal.

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