FeSbO4 powder was prepared using the solid-state reaction method in this work. Afterward, the dense and porous ceramics were obtained by sintering the pressed powder calcined at temperatures of 900 and 1000 °C for 4 h. Rietveld profile analysis of the X-ray powder diffraction data showed that FeSbO4 adopts the trirutile-type structure (space group P42/mnm, with a ≅ 4.63 Å and c ≅ 9.23 Å). SEM images showed that the powder calcined at 900 °C after being sintered at 1200 °C resulted in ceramics of higher crystallinity, larger grains, and consequently, low porosity. The dielectric properties were measured in the frequency range of 10−1 Hz–1 MHz as a function of temperature (25–250 °C). The real (σ′) and imaginary (σ″) parts of the complex conductivity increase with rising annealing temperature for both samples. The real conductivity in the AC region for 𝑓 = 100 kHz was 1.59×10−6 S·cm−1 and 7.04×10−7 S·cm−1 for the ceramic samples obtained from the powder calcined at 900 (C-900) and 1000 °C (C-1000), respectively. Furthermore, the dielectric constants (k′) measured at room temperature and f=100 kHz were 13.77 (C-900) and 6.27 (C-1000), while the activation energies of the grain region were Ea = 0.53 eV and Ea = 0.49 eV, respectively. Similar activation energy (Ea = 0.52 eV and 0.49 eV) was also obtained by the brick-layer model and confirmed by the adjustment of activation energy by DC measurements which indicated an absence of the porosity influence on the parameter. Additionally, loss factor values were obtained to be equal to 3.8 (C-900) and 5.99 (C-1000) for measurements performed at 100 Hz, suggesting a contribution of the conductivity originated from the combination or accommodation of the pores in the grain boundary region. Our results prove that the microstructural factors that play a critical role in the electrical and dielectric properties are the average grain size and the porosity interspersed with the grain boundary region.
Bismuth germanate (Bi12GeO20) ceramics were produced using modified Pechini route, and the synthesis parameters, crystalline phases, microstructure, and sintering conditions were investigated.Bi12GeO20powders with submicrometric particle sizes were investigated for calcination temperatures from 400 to 600°C, with soaking times of 1 h and 5 h. Controlling the synthesis parameters, dense ceramics with two different grain sizes of 3.4 ± 0.5 µm and 5.7 ± 0.8 µm could be produced after sintering at 750°C/1 h. The electric and dielectric properties of these ceramics were determined by impedance spectroscopy (IS). From the results, it was concluded that the dielectric permittivity measured at high frequencies is insensitive to the grain size, while the AC dark conductivity presents a noticeable dependency on this feature. This behaviour was discussed on the basis of a Maxwell-Wagner interfacial relaxation, whose intensity depends directly on the volume fraction of grain boundaries in the sample.
This work presents the synthesis and characterization of NTC ceramic (Negative coefficient Temperature) based on nickel manganite (NiMn2O4) produced by the polymeric precursor method. NiMn2O4 were sintered at 900-1200 °C during 3h to produce the ceramics samples. The effect of sintering temperature on microstructure and electric properties of the NiMn2O4 ceramics was studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and temperature dependent resistance R(T) measurements. The XRD measurement indicated formation of cubic spinel-type structure of NiMn2O4. The crystallite size (as confirmed by XRD) and the particle size (as confirmed by SEM) increased as the sintering temperature increased from around 18nm (900 °C) to 100nm (1200 °C). All samples showed NTC behavior and, among the studied ceramics, that one sintered at 1200 °C showed lower resistivity value (~103Ω.cm) at room temperature.
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