Crackling noise of ferroelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) samples during ferroelectric switching is demonstrated to be compatible with avalanche statistics. The peaks of the slew-rate (time derivative of current dI/dt squared), defined as "jerks", were statistically analyzed and shown to obey power-laws. The critical exponent obtained is 1.64±0.15, in agreement with predictions from avalanche theory. The exponent is independent of temperature within experimental error margins. I.

Previous studies of Barkhausen noise in PZT have been limited to the energy spectrum (slew rate response voltages versus time), showing agreement with avalanche models; in barium titanate other exponents have been measured acoustically, but only at ambient temperatures. In the present study we report the Omori exponent (-0.95±0.03) for aftershocks in PZT and extend the barium titanate studies to a wider range of temperature.

Ocean acidification typically reduces coral calcification rates and can fundamentally alter skeletal morphology. We use atomic force microscopy (AFM) and microindentation to determine how seawater pCO 2 affects skeletal structure and Vickers hardness in a Porites lutea coral. At 400 µatm, the skeletal fasciculi are composed of tightly packed bundles of acicular crystals composed of quadrilateral nanograins, approximately 80–300 nm in dimensions. We interpret high adhesion at the nanograin edges as an organic coating. At 750 µatm the crystals are less regular in width and orientation and composed of either smaller/more rounded nanograins than observed at 400 µatm or of larger areas with little variation in adhesion. Coral aragonite may form via ion-by-ion attachment to the existing skeleton or via conversion of amorphous calcium carbonate precursors. Changes in nanoparticle morphology could reflect variations in the sizes of nanoparticles produced by each crystallization pathway or in the contributions of each pathway to biomineralization. We observe no significant variation in Vickers hardness between skeletons cultured at different seawater pCO 2 . Either the nanograin size does not affect skeletal hardness or the effect is offset by other changes in the skeleton, e.g. increases in skeletal organic material as reported in previous studies.

Modelling crystal growth is important for example in crystal engineering, materials science, and the life sciences.