For the first time, we demonstrate that orthorhombic V2O5 can exhibit superior electrochemical performance in sodium ion batteries when uniformly coated inside nanoporous carbon. The encapsulated V2O5 shows a specific capacity as high as 276 mAh/g, while the whole nanocomposite exhibits a capacity of 170 mAh/g. The V2O5/C composite was fabricated by a novel ambient hydrolysis deposition that features sequential water vapor adsorption in nanoporous carbon, followed by a hydrolysis reaction, exclusively inside the nanopores. The unique structure of the nanocomposite significantly enhances the capacity as well as the rate performance of orthorhombic V2O5 where the composite retains a capacity of over 90 mAh/g at a current rate of 640 mA/g. Furthermore, by calculating, we also revealed that a large portion of the sodium-ion storage, particularly at high current rates, is due to the V2O5 pseudocapacitance.

Unrecorded pollution and nonpoint sources are too important to be neglected in water quality analysis, but the findings in the literature have been too scattered in place and time, and too diversely reported, to have been fully accepted. Such pollution is usually referred to as nonpoint source pollution, or in developed areas as urban runoff, in spite of the fact that considerable parts of it are delivered by large storm sewers and may originate partly from unrecorded urban point sources. For convenience, this usual terminology is employed in this paper. The work of each of five participating institutes was designed to evaluate urban runoff pollution from areas within that state and to relate those findings to differences in land use. Results have been reported in detail in the separate reports by the respective investigators. This report summarizes these findings and then draws conclusions which the five principal investigators agreed upon.

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