Nanocomposite hydrogels with enhanced mechanical properties could have tremendous biomedical applications. Here we describe synthesis and characterizations of biocompatible poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA)/Laponite nanocomposite (NC) hydrogels that can support both two-and threedimensional (2D and 3D) cell cultures. The PEGDA/Laponite NC hydrogels with enhanced mechanical properties were developed by harnessing the ability of PEGDA oligomers to simultaneously form chemically crosslinked networks while interacting with Laponite nanoparticles through secondary interactions. Incorporation of Laponite nanoparticles significantly enhanced both the compressive and tensile properties of PEGDA hydrogels, which were dependent on both the molecular weight of PEG, and concentrations of Laponite nanoparticles. Unlike PEGDA hydrogels, PEGDA-NC hydrogels supported cell adhesion and their subsequent spreading in a 2D culture. In addition to supporting the 2D cell growth, the PEGDA NC hydrogels supported 3D cell encapsulation similar to that of widely used PEGDA hydrogel systems. Such nanocomposite hydrogels with enhanced mechanical properties could have potential applications as 3D scaffolds for tissue engineering. Additionally, the ability of PEGDA NC hydrogels to support 3D culture of encapsulated cells makes them an ideal injectable system with minimally invasive strategies for in vivo applications.
. (2015). Numerical models to predict steady and unsteady thermalhydraulic behaviour of supercritical water flow in circular tubes. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 289, 155-165. DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2015.04.028 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.• Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research.• You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. • The supercritical flows with the normal heat transfer and deteriorated heat transfer are simulated.• The numerical results are compared with the experimental data and the errors are reported.• The transient simulations are also carried out using the CFD and THRUST.• The transient results obtained using the CFD and THRUST are compared under different conditions. a r t i c l e i n f o t r a c tThe present paper is aimed at the development of numerical models to predict steady and unsteady thermal-hydraulic behaviour of supercritical water flow at various operating conditions. A simple onedimensional numerical thermal-hydraulic model based on a finite-difference scheme has been developed. A detailed CFD analysis based on two turbulence models, Reynolds Stress Model and k-ω SST model, has also been presented in this paper. Seven experimental cases of steady state and vertically up flowing supercritical water in circular tubes operated at various working regimes, such as normal and deteriorated heat transfer regions, are used to validate the numerical models. Comparisons for steady state flow show good agreement between the numerical and experimental results for all normal heat transfer cases and most of the deteriorated heat transfer cases. Next, the numerical models are used for transient simulations. Three case studies are undertaken with a purpose to quantify the time dependent responses from both the 1-D model and CFD model. The comparisons carried out for both the normal and deteriorated heat transfer conditions show a good agreement between the two numerical models.
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