In this paper, the theoretical foundations of the equivalence between waveguide propagation below cutoff and artificial plasmas are carefully analyzed through the derivation of the propagation constants of normal modes in waveguides filled with anisotropic plasmas. The equivalence between waveguide and dielectric plasma proposed by Marqués et al., which is valid for evanescent TE modes, has a dual counterpart for magnetic plasmas and evanescent TM modes. This new equivalence states that a negative magnetic permeability medium can be simulated by means of TM modes below their cutoff frequencies. The need of an anisotropic filling of the waveguide for the equivalence between plasmas and evanescent modes is also highlighted. To exemplify the applicability of this new equivalence, a structure that implements a double-negative medium has been proposed. Full-wave simulations of the proposed structure and measurements from an experimental setup are presented, both of which corroborate the new equivalence's validity.Index Terms-Backward waves, electric plasmas, evanescent modes, magnetic plasmas, metamaterials, negative permeability, negative permittivity, periodic structures.
A novel high-gain active composite right/left-handed (CRLH) metamaterial leaky-wave antenna (LWA) is presented. This antenna, which is designed to operate at broadside, is constituted by passive CRLH leaky-wave sections interconnected by amplifiers, which regenerate the power progressively leaked out of the structure in the radiation process in order to increase the effective aperture of the antenna and thereby its gain. The gain is further enhanced by a matching regeneration effect induced by the quasi-unilateral nature of the amplifiers. Both the cases of quasi-uniform and binomial field distributions, corresponding to maximum directivity and minimum side-lobe level, respectively, have been described. An active LWA prototype is demonstrated in transmission mode with a gain enhancement of 8.9 dB compared to its passive counterpart. The proposed antenna can attain an arbitrarily high gain by simple increase of the length of the structure, without penalty in terms of return loss and without requiring a complicated feeding network like conventional array antennas.
Index Terms-Active antennas, composite right/left-handed (CRLH) metamaterials, leaky-wave antennas (LWAs).
Interdigital capacitors (IDCs) are convenient capacitance devices in microstrip circuits, even if only low capacitance values can be achieved. Nevertheless, undesired resonances degrade their performance when frequency increases. Short circuits across the end of alternate fingers of the IDC improve its high frequency response by eliminating that drawback. Simulated and measured results are presented.Index Terms-Interdigital capacitor (IDC), microwave passive circuits, wire bonded interdigital capacitor (WBIDC), wire bonding.
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