The effects were investigated, under controlled conditions, of single and joint inoculation of olive planting stocks cvs Arbequina and Picual with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Glomus intraradices , Glomus mosseae or Glomus viscosum , and the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne javanica , on plant performance and nematode infection. Establishment of the fungal symbiosis significantly increased growth of olive plants by 88·9% within a range of 11·9 -214·0%, irrespective of olive cultivar, plant age and infection by M. incognita or M. javanica . In plants free from AMF, infection by Meloidogyne spp. significantly reduced the plant main stem diameter by 22·8 -38·6%, irrespective of cultivar and plant age. Establishment of AMF in olive plants significantly reduced severity of root galling by 6·3 -36·8% as well as reproduction of both Meloidogyne spp. by 11·8-35·7%, indicating a protective effect against parasitism by root-knot nematodes. Infection by the nematodes influenced root colonization by AMF, but the net effect depended on the AMF isolate-olive cultivar combination. It is concluded that prior inoculation of olive plants with AMF may contribute to improving the health status and vigour of cvs Arbequina and Picual planting stocks during nursery propagation.
The root-lesion nematodes are important pests attacking stone and pome fruit crops throughout the world. They play an important role in the development of orchard replant problems. Host resistance to Pratylenchus vutnus, the nematode of concern in mediterranean environments, has been difficult to find, and even more, to transmit into commercial rootstocks. Alternative management measures using early mycorrhizal infection that would confer protection against the nematode at a stage when plants are most vulnerable are currently being explored. These measures are considered important, taking into account a widespread change towards production systems that use in vitro material propagated in treated substrates free of mycorrhizal and other beneficial microorganisms. The prophylactic effect against root-lesion nematodes would be linked to mycorrhizal dependency of the host plant. Increase in tolerance would seem to be related to mycorrhiza assisted nutrition rather than to a direct suppressive effect of AM over the root-lesion nematode. In Citrus, Prunus, Malus and Cydonia rootstocks, the nematode has shown to have a negative effect over AM colonization in the root.
The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) on the development and nutrition of the peach almond hybrid GF-677 rootstock in a replant soil heavily infested with Meloidogyne javanica were evaluated in field microplot conditions for two growing seasons. There was a significant beneficial effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth and nutrition in previously pasteurized replant soil. In natural replant soil, early inoculation with a mixed AM inoculum of Glomus intraradices, Glomus mosseae and Glomus etunicatum did not affect growth parameters. Whilst inoculation with these AM fungi led to suppression of root-knot nematode reproduction, natural mycorrhizal colonization of the replant soil with native AM fungi did not.
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