An extensive experimental investigation of the residual stresses in cold-formed steel members is presented. The electrical discharge machining (EDM) technique is used to cut coupons for residual stress measurement. As compared to the conventional saw-cutting method, the EDM technique greatly reduces the external disturbance during the machining of a thin-walled section caused by heating, clamping, and vibration. The experimental results provide a further understanding of the magnitude and distribution of the residual stresses in cold-formed steel sections, which are found to be quite different from the residual stresses in hot-rolled steel shapes. Based on the experimental findings, an idealized distribution pattern of the residual stresses in a cold-formed channel section is outlined. Finally, the yielding propagation in an axially compressed cold-formed steel section is described, and an equation for predicting the extent of yielding is derived.
SUMMARYThe need to investigate the level of seismic pounding risk of buildings is apparent in future building code calibrations. In order to provide further insight into the pounding risk of adjacent buildings, this study develops a numerical simulation approach to estimate the seismic pounding risk of adjacent buildings separated by a minimum code-speciÿed separation distance during a certain period of time. It has been demonstrated that the period ratio of adjacent buildings is an important parameter that a ects the pounding risk of adjacent buildings. However, there is no speciÿc consideration for the period ratio in the related seismic pounding provisions of the 1997 Uniform Building Code. Results also reveal that, for two adjacent buildings, the probability distribution of required distance to avoid seismic pounding ÿts very well with the type I extreme value distribution.
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