Lisianthus (Eustoma exaltatum (L.) Salisb. ex G. Don subsp. russellianum (Hook.) Kartesz) is an economically important ornamental crop in Taiwan. Over the past decade, nine viruses have been identified or detected in lisianthus including: Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV), Lisianthus necrosis virus (LNV) (2), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) (1), Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), Broad bean wilt virus (BBWV), Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), Pepper veinal mottle virus (PVMV), and Ageratum yellow vein virus (AYVV) (4). In May 2007 (late period of growing season) in central Taiwan, systemic necrotic spots, which are similar to that caused by LNV (2), were found on approximately 20% of the lisianthus plants. Spherical virus particles, approximately 32 nm in diameter, were found in the crude sap of infected lisianthus collected from the fields. However, the diseased samples did not react with antisera against domestic lisianthus-infecting spherical viruses, LNV (2) and CMV (1). A virus culture was isolated via mechanical inoculation on Chenopodium quinoa and serologically identified as Carnation mottle virus (CarMV) by ELISA, western blotting, and immunoelectron microscopy using antiserum against the CarMV zantedeschia strain (3). The virus induced necrotic local lesions on the inoculated leaves of C. quinoa, C. amaranticolor, Gomphrena globosa, Cucurbita moschata, Phaseolus angularis, P. vulgaris, and Vigna unguiculata. Lisianthus was previously reported as a local lesion host for CarMV (3). In current studies with 8 of 10 lisianthus plants, the newly isolated virus induced necrotic local lesions on inoculated leaves 20 days post inoculation (dpi). However, systemic necrotic lesions on noninoculated upper leaves, as were observed in the fields, appeared 120 dpi on inoculated plants, indicating that CarMV induces systemic infection in lisianthus during late growth stages. Noninoculated plants did not develop symptoms. Complementary DNA fragments of viral genomic RNA were amplified with a specific primer of the coat protein gene (3) and sets of degenerate primer for CarMV. The amplified cDNA fragments were cloned and sequenced. The full-length sequence was submitted as GenBank Accession No. FJ843021. The genomic RNA consists of 4,003 nucleotides and has an identical genome organization to that reported for members of the genus Carmovirus. The nucleotide sequence of the full-length genome shares more than 95% identity to isolates of CarMV (GenBank Accession Nos. AF192772, AJ304989, AJ811998, NC_001265, and X02986), and the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of coat protein shares more than 98% identity with that of CarMV-TW (AY383566) (3), CarMV-FO25 (EF622206), CarMV-Italy-Ca1 (EF622207), and CarMV-Netherland Ca2 (EF622210). To our knowledge, this is the first report of natural infection of CarMV in lisianthus in Taiwan. References: (1) C. C. Chen and C. C. Hu, Plant Prot. Bull. 41:179, 1999. (2) C. C. Chen et al. Plant Dis. 84:506, 2000. (3) C. C. Chen et al. Plant Dis. 87:1539, 2003. (4) Y. H. Cheng et al. J. Taiwan Agric. Res. 58:196, 2009.
This article theoretically studies the onset of oscillatory Marangoni convection in a horizontal layer of an electrically conducting fluid, to which a nonuniform thermal gradient and a uniform magnetic field are applied. The top surface of a fluid layer is deformably free and the bottom is rigid. By means of the linear stability theory and a normal mode analysis, the eigenvalue equations of the perturbed state are solved by using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta-Gill's method with the shooting technique. The computational results are compared with those known from the literature, and the agreement is found out to be generally good. The results indicate that the critical Marangoni number -Ma(c) increases with increasing the Chandrasekhar number Q, the Prandtl number Pr, or the Biot number Bi of the upper free surface, but decreases with increasing the Crispation number Cr. As compared with the linear temperature profile, the inverted parabolic temperature profile shows higher -Ma(c) values, while the parabolic temperature profile shows lower -Ma(c) values. In addition, for the piecewise linear temperature profiles, the influences of thermal depth on the critical Marangoni number are also obtained
In November 2003, two Phalaenopsis orchids from two different nurseries with symptoms of chlorotic rings on leaves were observed in Changhua County of central Taiwan. Symptomatic plants were collected and examined for the presence of viruses. Electron microscopic examination of ultrathin sections of leaf tissues from the symptomatic orchids found isometric virions of 32 nm in diameter. Subsequently, an isolate (herein designated as ‘92-orchid-1’) with particles of similar size were isolated from one symptomatic orchid and established in Chenopodium quinoa (3). After indirect ELISA tests using antisera against Carnation mottle virus (CarMV), Cucumber mosaic virus, Cymbidium ringspot virus, Tomato bushy stunt virus, Capsicum chlorosis virus, Impatiens necrotic spot virus, Tomato spotted wilt virus, Tomato ringspot virus, and Lisianthus necrosis virus, this isolate reacted positively with the antiserum produced against CarMV (1). CarMV-TW-infected and healthy C. quinoa were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. To further characterize this virus, the conserved region of the polymerase gene (ORF1RT) of Carmoviruses was amplified with degenerate primer pairs, FJJ2003-17 (5′-TATATCTCGAGCAA(A/C)TAGGGG(G/T)GCCT) and FJJ2003-18 (5′-TATAGGATCCCC(C/T)A(A/T)(A/G)GC(A/T)GTGTTCA), by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using the total RNA isolated from the leaves of 92-orchid-1-, CarMV-TW-infected, and healthy C. quinoa (3). The 894-nt ORF1RT conserved region of isolate 92-orchid-1 (GenBank Accession No. HQ117873) shared 97.1, 65.6, 61.7, and 63.5% nucleotide identities and 98.3, 70.2, 66.1, and 64.7% amino acid identities with those of CarMV (X02986), Pelargonium flower break virus (NC_005286), Saguaro cactus virus (NC_001780), and Angelonia flower break virus (NC_007733), respectively. The sequence comparison of the ORF1RT conserved region indicated that 92-orchid-1 was a carmovirus related to CarMV. Sequence analyses of the coat protein (CP) gene (GenBank Accession No. HQ117872) amplified with the specific CP primer pairs of CarMV (FJJ2004-53: 5′-ACTGCGCTCGAGCTACTCTGTTGACAGTTCTA, and 2004-54: 5′-ATATATGGATCCCGTCCCGCCGTGTGTGTCTA) showed the isolate shared 95.8 to 98.8% nucleotide identities and 96.8 to 98.9% amino acid identities with those of 40 CarMV isolates. Furthermore, the CP gene shared 96.9, 97.0, and 98.8% nucleotide identities and 98.0, 95.7, and 98.3% amino acid identities with isolates from carnation (GenBank Accession No. AY383566) (1), calla lily (GenBank Accession No. HQ117870) (2), and lisianthus (GenBank Accession No. FJ843021), respectively, in Taiwan. These results suggested that this isolate was CarMV but distinct from the above-mentioned three isolates and designated CarMV-Ph. From 2004 to 2007, a further survey of 280 symptomatic Phalaenopsis plants by ELISA using CarMV polyclonal antibodies (1) found that approximately 4% of those tested were infected. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CarMV in Phalaenopsis orchids and the occurrence has substantial implications for the important nursery and floral industry in Taiwan. References: (1) C. C. Chen et al. Plant Pathol. Bull. 12:199, 2003. (2) C. C. Chen et al. Plant Dis. 87:1539, 2003. (3) Y. X. Zheng et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 121:87, 2008.
Paratrichaptum accuratum is a large conspicuous polypore fungus growing on dead or living angiosperm trees in subtropical-boreal areas of China, Indonesia, Japan, and Taiwan. The present study places P. accuratum in the family Gloeophyllaceae that belongs to the order Gloeophyllales within Agaricomycetes (Basidiomycota), based on evidence derived from morphological and ecological characteristics, and phylogenetic analyses of sequences of nuclear rDNA regions (5.8S, nuc 18S, nuc 28S) and protein-coding genes (rpb1, rpb2, and tef1). The analyses presented in this study also give strong support for including Jaapia in Gloeophyllaceae and Gloeophyllales. Thus, the names Jaapiaceae and Jaapiales are considered here as synonyms of Gloeophyllaceae and Gloeophyllales. Since Paratrichaptum represents the earliest diverging lineage in Gloeophyllales, pileate basidiocarps and brown rot appear to be ancestral states of Gloeophyllales. Paratrichaptum accuratum may represent a relic species, according to its phylogenetic position, peculiar distribution pattern and rare occurrence.
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